提及连带责任一词，很多人都会觉得很熟悉，作为侵权领域数人侵权一项重要的责任承担方式，通常与共同侵权密不可分。美国数人侵权中的连带责任制度发展有其独特性之处，但对这一制度在美国侵权领域的发展运用我国学者却鲜有系统性研究。 数人侵权中的连带责任规则自19世纪40年代引入美国后，至20世纪70年代发展鼎盛。但从20世纪80年代开始，由于侵权法理念的发展变化，“深口袋”被告现象的频现，保险危机的爆发，在这些内外因素的影响下美国掀起了一场侵权法改革运动，引发了关于连带责任制度存废问题的大讨论。这场论战的结果，便是截至2013年，有43个州都接受了连带责任改革。这些州要么彻底废除了连带责任制度，要么在原...Referring to the joint and several liability, many people feel very familiar, as an important way of liability apportionment among multiple tortfeasors, usually related to joint tort. The joint and several rule among multiple tortfeasors has its characteristic in America, while our scholars have little research on it. The rule of joint and several liability was introduced to America in 1840s, un...学位：法学硕士院系专业：法学院_民商法学学号：1362013115017

曹丽慧

Xiamen University Institutional Repository

 学校编码：10384                              分类号_______密级 ______  学号：13620131150176                                      UDC ______     硕  士  学  位  论  文  美国数人侵权中的连带责任制度 Rule of Joint and Several Liability among Multiple Tortfeasors in America 曹丽慧 指导教师姓名： 齐 云 助 理 教 授专 业 名 称： 民 商 法 学论文提交日期： 2 0 1 6 年   4     月论文答辩时间： 2 0 1 6 年       月学位授予日期： 2 0 1 6 年     月 答辩委员会主席：                     评        阅        人：                        2016年      月 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  厦门大学学位论文原创性声明  本人呈交的学位论文是本人在导师指导下,独立完成的研究成果。本人在论文写作中参考其他个人或集体已经发表的研究成果，均在文中以适当方式明确标明，并符合法律规范和《厦门大学研究生学术活动规范（试行）》。 另外，该学位论文为（）课题（组）的研究成果，获得（   ）课题（组）经费或实验室的资助，在（   ）实验室完成。（请在以上括号内填写课题或课题组负责人或实验室名称，未有此项声明内容的，可以不作特别声明。）  声明人（签名）：   年   月   日         厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 厦门大学学位论文著作权使用声明  本人同意厦门大学根据《中华人民共和国学位条例暂行实施办法》等规定保留和使用此学位论文，并向主管部门或其指定机构送交学位论文（包括纸质版和电子版），允许学位论文进入厦门大学图书馆及其数据库被查阅、借阅。本人同意厦门大学将学位论文加入全国博士、硕士学位论文共建单位数据库进行检索，将学位论文的标题和摘要汇编出版，采用影印、缩印或者其它方式合理复制学位论文。 本学位论文属于： （ ）1.经厦门大学保密委员会审查核定的保密学位论文，于   年  月  日解密，解密后适用上述授权。 （ ）2.不保密，适用上述授权。 （请在以上相应括号内打“√”或填上相应内容。保密学位论文应是已经厦门大学保密委员会审定过的学位论文，未经厦门大学保密委员会审定的学位论文均为公开学位论文。此声明栏不填写的，默认为公开学位论文，均适用上述授权。）    声明人（签名）： 年   月   日 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库 内容摘要 提及连带责任一词，很多人都会觉得很熟悉，作为侵权领域数人侵权一项重要的责任承担方式，通常与共同侵权密不可分。美国数人侵权中的连带责任制度发展有其独特性之处，但对这一制度在美国侵权领域的发展运用我国学者却鲜有系统性研究。 数人侵权中的连带责任规则自 19 世纪 40 年代引入美国后，至 20 世纪70 年代发展鼎盛。但从 20 世纪 80 年代开始，由于侵权法理念的发展变化，“深口袋”被告现象的频现，保险危机的爆发，在这些内外因素的影响下美国掀起了一场侵权法改革运动，引发了关于连带责任制度存废问题的大讨论。这场论战的结果，便是截至 2013 年，有 43 个州都接受了连带责任改革。这些州要么彻底废除了连带责任制度，要么在原有的基础上进行了修正以限制连带责任的适用范围。 与美国连带责任制度发展趋势不同的是，我国的连带责任适用范围在不断扩张。尽管两国在侵权法的理论基础和司法实践方面存在一定差异，但同为连带责任，其内在本质是共通的。该制度在美国法上的适用，对于重新构建我国的连带责任制度具有重大的借鉴意义。在实体方面，将受害人利益、加害人利益、社会利益置于平衡的三角关系中以限制连带责任的适用；在某被告丧失赔偿能力时，建立对于不具备赔偿能力人的责任份额的再分配规则；解决数人侵权与受害人过错发生竞合情形，在受害人过错超过 50%或多数侵权人的过错总和以及加害人过错超过受害人的时候，处理好侵权人与受害人的责任承担；明确被告的责任范围，对于非因故意或重大过失的行为人宜确定某个责任范围，在该责任上限内承担赔偿责任。在程序方面，细化诉讼程序保障原告享有自主选择被告的权利的同时也对其权利的行使进行必要的限制。  关键词：数人侵权；连带责任；再分配规则 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  ABSTRACT Referring to the joint and several liability, many people feel very familiar, as an important way of liability apportionment among multiple tortfeasors, usually related to joint tort. The joint and several rule among multiple tortfeasors has its characteristic in America, while our scholars have little research on it.  The rule of joint and several liability was introduced to America in 1840s, until it became a system which played a leading position in the area of tort in America in 1970s. While in 1980s, because the development of tort law idea , “deep pocket defendant” circumstance occurred frequently owed to the appliance of the rule of joint and several liability, and the outbreak of insurance crisis, a tort law reform movement occurred which led to a great debate about the abolishment or existence of the rule of joint and several liability. By the impact of this movement, the result of this debate is that joint and several liability reform has been adopted in about 43 states of the United States. These states which adopted reform either abolish thoroughly or do some changes on the basis of original rule to restrict the appliance of joint and several liability.  Unlike the America, the appliance of joint and several liability in China still show a trend of expansion. Though there are many differences about the theory and judicial practice of the tort law between China and America, as the same rule, its inherent nature is common. There is much for reference of the appliance of joint and several liability among multiple tortfeasors in America to re-establish the rule in China. In the aspect of entity, restrict the appliance of joint and several liability to balance the benefit of victim, tortfeasors and society; establish the rule of reallocation for the liability share of people who has not the ability to provide compensation; solve the problem in which multiple tortfeasors and victim both have fault, in the situation of victim’s fault is more than 50% or most of the fault of the tortfeasors and the fault of tortfeasors is more than victim’s, deal with the responsibility between tortfeasors and victim; clear the scope of the defendants’ responsibility who is not intended or 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  gross negligence. In the aspect of procedure, refine the proceedings, guarantee the plaintiff shall have the right to choose the defendants as well as to make necessary restrictions for the exercise of their right.  Keywords: Multiple Tortfeasors; Joint and Several liability；Reallocation                          厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  目录 引言 ............................................................................................................. 1 第一章 美国数人侵权中的连带责任概述 .............................................. 3 第一节 美国数人侵权的责任承担方式 ..................................................................... 3     一、连带责任........................................................................................................ 3     二、数人侵权的其他责任形态............................................................................ 5 三、我国数人侵权的特殊责任形态.................................................................... 6 第二节 美国数人侵权中连带责任的效力 ............................................................... 10     一、对内效力...................................................................................................... 11     二、对外效力...................................................................................................... 14 第二章 美国数人侵权连带责任的立法沿革 ........................................ 17 第一节 初步确立期 ................................................................................................... 17        一、连带责任的确立.......................................................................................... 17     二、连带责任产生的基础.................................................................................. 18 第二节 扩张发展期 ................................................................................................... 19         一、适用范围的扩展 ...................................................................................................... 19         二、分摊规则的转变 ...................................................................................................... 20 第三节 改革限缩期 ................................................................................................... 21         一、改革导火索................................................................................................................ 21         二、改革基础 .................................................................................................................... 22         三、改革结果 .................................................................................................................... 27 第三章 美国数人侵权中连带责任的适用 ............................................ 30 第一节 美国数人侵权中连带责任之实体内容 ....................................................... 30         一、连带责任的主体范围 ............................................................................................ 30 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库          二、连带责任的适用范围 ............................................................................................. 32         三、连带责任的赔偿范围 ............................................................................................. 39 第二节 美国数人侵权中连带责任之诉讼规则 ....................................................... 40         一、诉讼模式 ................................................................................................................... 40         二、第三人诉讼............................................................................................................... 41         三、举证责任 ................................................................................................................... 42 第四章 美国数人侵权中的连带责任对我国的启示 ............................ 46 第一节 我国数人侵权中连带责任之相关制度简述 ............................................... 46         一、《民法通则》 ............................................................................................................ 46 二、《关于贯彻执行<中华人民共和国民法通则>若干问题的意见（试行）》  ............................................................................................................................................... 46 三、《最高人民法院关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》  ............................................................................................................................................... 47 四、《侵权责任法》 ........................................................................................................ 48 第二节 我国数人侵权中连带责任存在的争议 ....................................................... 49         一、连带责任的适用主体 ............................................................................................ 49         二、连带责任的适用范围 ............................................................................................ 49         三、受偿不能部分如何分配 ........................................................................................ 52         四、诉讼模式的选择 ..................................................................................................... 53 第三节 美国数人侵权中的连带责任制度之借鉴 ................................................... 54         一、限制连带责任的适用 ............................................................................................ 54         二、建立对于不具备赔偿能力人的责任份额的再分配规则 ............................. 55         三、解决数人侵权与受害人过错发生竞合情形 ................................................... 57         四、明确被告的责任范围 ............................................................................................ 58     五、细化诉讼程序.............................................................................................. 59 结  语 ....................................................................................................... 62 参考文献 .................................................................................................. 63 附录：美国数人侵权中连带责任制度的相关法案 .............................. 67 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  后  记 ....................................................................................................... 70   厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  CONTENTS Perface ....................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1  The Introduction of Joint and Several Liability            among Multiple Tortfeasors in America ...................... 3 Subchapter 1  Liability Apportionment among Multiple               Tortfeasors in America ....................................................... 3 Section 1  Joint and Several Liability ..................................................... 3 Section 2  Other Forms of Liability Apportionment           among Multiple Tortfeasors .................................................. 5 Section 3  The Special Forms of Liability Apportionment               among Multiple Tortfeasors in China .................................... 6 Subchapter 2  The Effect of Joint and Several Liability among              Multiple Tortfeasors in America ...................................... 10 Section 1  Interior Effect ..................................................................... 11 Section 2  Exterior Effect .................................................................... 14 Chapter 2  Legislative History of Joint and Several Liability           among Multiple Tortfeasors in America .................... 17 Subchapter 1  The Start-up Period .......................................................... 17 Section 1  The Establish of Joint and Several ....................................... 17 Section 2  The Basis of Joint and Several ............................................. 18 Subchapter 2  The Expansion Period ....................................................... 19 Section 1  The Expansion of Scope of Applicance ................................ 19 Section 2  The Change of Contribution Rule ........................................ 20 Subchapter 3  The Restriction Period ...................................................... 21 Section 1  The Fuse of Reform ............................................................. 21 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库  Section 2  The Basis of Reform ........................................................... 22 Section 3  The Result of Reform .......................................................... 27 Chapter 3  The Applicance of Joint and Several Liability           among Multiple Tortfeasors in America .................... 30 Subchapter 1  The Entity Content of Joint and Several Liability              among Multiple Tortfeasors in America .......................... 30 Section 1  The Scope of Subject ........................................................... 30 Section 2  The Scope of Applicance ..................................................... 32 Section 3  The Scope of Liability ......................................................... 39 Subchapter 2  The Procedure Rule of Joint and Several Liability              among Multiple Tortfeasors in America .......................... 40 Section 1  The Legitimate Mode .......................................................... 40 Section 2  The Third-party Action ....................................................... 41 Section 3  The Burden of Proof ............................................................ 42 Chapter 4  Reference of the Rule of Joint and Several Liability           among Multiple Tortfeasors in America  ................. 46 Subchapter 1  Brief of Relative System of Joint and Several               among Multiple Tortfeasors in China .............................. 46 Section 1  General Principles of the Civil Law ..................................... 46 Section 2  Opinions of the Several Issues about Carrying Out the           "General Principles of the Civil Law of the People's           Republic of China"(Trial) .................................................... 46 Section 3  Interpretation of the Supreme People's Court of Some          Issues concerning the Application of Law for the Trial           of Causes on Compensation for Personal Injury ................... 47 Section 4  Tort Law ............................................................................. 48 Subchapter 2  Dispute About the Rule of Joint and Several Liability              among Multiple Tortfeasors in China .............................. 49 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库   Degree papers are in the “Xiamen University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Database”.  Fulltexts are available in the following ways: 1. If your library is a CALIS member libraries, please log on http://etd.calis.edu.cn/ and submit requests online, or consult the interlibrary loan department in your library. 2. For users of non-CALIS member libraries, please mail to etd@xmu.edu.cn for delivery details. 厦门大学博硕士论文摘要库

Rule of Joint and Several Liability among Multiple Tortfeasors in America

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Rule of Joint and Several Liability among Multiple Tortfeasors in America

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