NPS NRP Executive SummaryManned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime OperationsN9 - Warfare SystemsThis research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Nissen, Mark E.

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NPS NRP Project PosterManned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime OperationsApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)N9 - Warfare System

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Calhoun: The NPS Institutional ArchiveDSpace RepositoryFaculty and Researchers Faculty and Researchers' Publications2019-12Manned-Unmanned Teaming in DistributedMaritime OperationsNissen, Mark E.Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate Schoolhttp://hdl.handle.net/10945/69994This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, UnitedStates Code, Section 101. Copyright protection is not available for this work in theUnited States.Downloaded from NPS Archive: CalhounNaval PostgraduateSchoolBackground• Autonomous systems (AS) very sophisticated• Manned-unmanned teaming is important• Particularly for distributed maritime ops (DMO)• Distributed combatant-sensor integration is key• Considerable command & control (C2) challengeManned-Unmanned TeamingManned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime OperationsKey Findings and Results• State of the art Navy organization simulation system• Analyze 24 manned-unmanned ISR mission combinations• 6 degrees of autonomy x 4 levels of interdependence• Assess mission duration, coordination, risk & other performance metrics• Huge and rich dataset for analysis• Autonomy, interdependence & C2 exert major performance effects• Powerful baseline for comparison with alternate DMO approachesRecommendations for Future Research• Extend model to include other platforms (CG)• Extend model to include other missions (AW)• Extend model to include other C2 (Edge)• Use model to assess alternate DMO approaches• ID key mission performance tradeoffs• Use to inform Fleet design & decision makingResearcher(s): Dr. Mark Nissen & Dr. Shelley GallupGraduate School of Operational and Information SciencesTopic Sponsor:  N9 - Warfare SystemsDistribution A – Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.One Result – Mission RiskDMO Modeling & Simulation• Leverage state of the art (Stanford-NPS)• Establish DMO modeling & simulation capability• Focus first on JTF ISR missions as baseline• CVN, DDG & LCS; F/A-18 & MH-60• ScanEagle, FireScout, Triton & future capabilities• 24 models x 8 metrics x 50 simulationsJTF ISR ModelNRP  Project ID: NPS-19-N112-A

Manned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime Operations

NPS NRP Executive SummaryManned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime OperationsApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)N9 - Warfare System

Calhoun: The NPS Institutional ArchiveDSpace RepositoryFaculty and Researchers Faculty and Researchers' Publications2019-12Manned-Unmanned Teaming in DistributedMaritime OperationsNissen, Mark E.Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate Schoolhttp://hdl.handle.net/10945/69993This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, UnitedStates Code, Section 101. Copyright protection is not available for this work in theUnited States.Downloaded from NPS Archive: CalhounNPS NRP Executive Summary Manned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime Operations   Report Date: 12/31/19 Project Number (IREF ID): NPS-19-N112-A  Naval Postgraduate School Graduate School of Operational and Information Sciences     MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA MANNED-UNMANNED TEAMING IN DISTRIBUTED MARITIME OPERATIONS    Executive Summary Type: Final Report Period of Performance: 01/01/2019-12/31/2019  Principal Investigator (PI): Dr. Mark E Nissen, GSOIS, Information Sciences  Additional Researcher(s): Dr. Shelley P Gallup, GSOIS, Information Sciences  Prepared for: Chief of Naval Operations Topic Sponsor Lead Organization: OPNAV N9 – Warfare Systems Topic Sponsor Name: OPNAV N96F3 – Warfare Systems, CDR Allen Siegrist  Topic Sponsor Contact Information: allen.m.siegrist@navy.mil, 703-692-4614  Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.     NPS NRP Executive Summary Manned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime Operations   Report Date: 12/31/19 Project Number (IREF ID): NPS-19-N112-A  Naval Postgraduate School Graduate School of Operational and Information Sciences EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  Project Summary  As a key tenet of distributed maritime operations (DMO), available manned and unmanned, surface and air, combatants and sensors require integration to serve as a cohesive, networked force despite their distribution through physical space-time. This research project works to understand how to best enable cohesive combatant-sensor integration for DMO and to model and outline the system capabilities and behaviors necessary for their integrated implementation.   Keywords: distributed maritime operations, DMO, autonomy, combatant-sensor integration, simulation  Background As technologic sophistication continues to advance rapidly, a wide array of diverse robots, unmanned vehicles, and other intelligent systems continue to demonstrate unprecedented capabilities for extended, independent, and even collective decision making and action. Indeed, the technologic capabilities of many autonomous systems (AS) in operation today exceed the authority delegated to them by organizations and leaders.  In many skilled mission domains and demanding environmental circumstances, AS can outperform their human counterparts along many dimensions, yet they fall short in other ways. Hence, integrated performance, by autonomous systems and people working together, is superior in an increasing number of circumstances. This increasingly important phenomenon is referred to as teams of autonomous systems and people (TASP).  Such collaboration between autonomous systems and people represents an important element of DMO. Available manned and unmanned, surface and air, combatants and sensors require integration to serve as a cohesive, networked force despite their distribution through physical space-time. Such integration represents a considerable technical challenge and is distributed organizationally as well; that is, combatants and sensors are distributed across different organizations in addition to physical space-time. Cohesive combatant-sensor integration represents a considerable command and control (C2) challenge also, as a variety of different platforms, services, and even nations are likely to assert simultaneous control over the diverse combatants and sensors.  This research project works to understand how to enable cohesive combatant-sensor integration for DMO and to model and outline system capabilities and behaviors necessary for their integrated implementation.     NPS NRP Executive Summary Manned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime Operations   Report Date: 12/31/19 Project Number (IREF ID): NPS-19-N112-A  Naval Postgraduate School Graduate School of Operational and Information Sciences Findings and Conclusions The research questions are pursued through the following major project tasks:  • Task 1: Research the academic, doctrinal, and professional literatures to understand the current state of the art and future trajectories of unmanned systems and DMO. • Task 2: Identify and adapt a computational model to characterize the structure, behavior, and performance of manned and unmanned systems in DMO organizations.  • Task 3: Simulate the comparative structure, behavior, and performance of maritime operations today.  Key findings center on our successful establishment of a computational model to characterize the structure, behavior, and performance of DMO organizations. A state-of-the-art organization simulation system, developed originally at Stanford and validated over nearly three decades, is selected and employed to model a joint task force (JTF) conducting maritime operations. This JTF model is specified to represent a collection of current Navy platforms (e.g., carriers, destroyers, littoral combat ships) and both manned (e.g., F/A-18, MH-60) and unmanned (e.g., ScanEagle, Fire Scout, Triton) aircraft conducting intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) missions. The JTF ISR model establishes a powerful baseline for comparison with alternate DMO organizations and approaches.  Key findings center also on simulation results produced by the JTF ISR model. Such results reflect an experiment design comprised of 24 different conditions, each specified with a unique computational model instance, simulated 50 times, and measured across a panel of eight performance variables. The degree of autonomy, level of interdependence, and organization of maritime operations all exert major effects on simulated JTF ISR performance. The results provide a huge and rich set of data and information that will be invaluable for examining and comparing alternate DMO organizations and approaches.  Recommendations for Further Research We recommend future work to continue along the lines of this project. Specifically, the JTF ISR model can be extended to represent one or more alternate DMO organizations and approaches, which can be simulated to produce performance results for comparison with maritime ISR operations today. The most promising DMO organizations and approaches can then be examined in greater detail through laboratory experimentation using experienced naval officers and sailors, the results of which can then be examined in turn through operational testing onboard aircraft and ships at sea. Future research can also examine alternate missions (e.g., strike, air defense, surface warfare) that extend beyond ISR.   Acronyms Autonomous Systems    AS Command and Control     C2 Distributed Maritime Operations  DMO Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance ISR Joint Task Force    JTF Teams of Autonomous Systems and People  TASP 

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Manned-Unmanned Teaming in Distributed Maritime Operations

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