NPS NRP Executive SummarySurface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management ArchitectureCommander, Naval Surface Forces (CNSF)This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Approved for public release. Distribution is unlimited.

Nissen, Mark E.

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NPS NRP Executive SummarySurface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management ArchitectureApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Commander, Naval Surface Forces (CNSF

Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School

Calhoun: The NPS Institutional ArchiveDSpace RepositoryFaculty and Researchers Faculty and Researchers' Publications2019-12Surface Warfare Proficiency KnowledgeManagement ArchitectureNissen, Mark E.Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate Schoolhttp://hdl.handle.net/10945/70041This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, UnitedStates Code, Section 101. Copyright protection is not available for this work in theUnited States.Downloaded from NPS Archive: CalhounNPS NRP Executive Summary Title: Surface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management Architecture  Report Date: 10/15/19 Project Number (IREF ID): NPS-19-156-A  Naval Postgraduate School Graduate School of Operational and Information Sciences     MONTEREY, CALIFORNIA PROJECT TITLE SURFACE WARFARE PROFICIENCY KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT ARCHITECTURE    Executive Summary Type: Final Report Period of Performance: 10/15/2018-10/14/2019  Principal Investigator (PI): Dr. Mark E Nissen, GSOIS, Information Sciences  Additional Researcher(s): Dr. Shelley P Gallup, GSOIS, Information Sciences  Prepared for: U.S. Fleet Forces Command Topic Sponsor Lead Organization: Commander, Naval Surface Forces, Pacific Topic Sponsor Name: Commander, Naval Surface Forces, Pacific N7A, Mr. Bruce Acton  Topic Sponsor Contact Information: bruce.acton@navy.mil, 619-437-9671  Distribution A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.     NPS NRP Executive Summary Title: Surface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management Architecture  Report Date: 10/15/19 Project Number (IREF ID): NPS-19-156-A  Naval Postgraduate School Graduate School of Operational and Information Sciences EXECUTIVE SUMMARY  Project Summary  As a key tenet of readiness, it is important to know, measure, and understand unit-level proficiency and individual career proficiency. This is especially relevant in trying to assess the seamanship of surface warfare officers (SWOs). This research works to develop a knowledge management (KM) approach in order to enable real-time tracking and future forecasting of SWO proficiency. The KM approach will be developed to enhance quality design characteristics such as intuitive operation, natural data entry, agility, and global reach.   Keywords: surface warfare, readiness, proficiency, seamanship, knowledge management  Background The Navy SWO Community provides a vital, sophisticated capability to address increasingly dynamic and unpredictable threats around the world. Effective performance in the SWO Community requires a somewhat unique set of skills and capabilities, which center on life and work aboard ships at sea. Such skills and capabilities are generally expected to grow in predictable ways, and the Navy enforces established qualification procedures to help ensure that its people are proficient before taking responsibility for critical jobs aboard ship.  As with any human endeavor, however, different people possess varying levels of motivation, and each person learns new skills at an individual rate. Moreover, given the persistently high tempo of surface warfare operations around the world—coupled with shortened training times for SWOs—many critical skills are learned while underway via on the job training (OJT), mentoring under instruction (UI), and personnel qualification standards (PQS). Hence, it’s difficult to know exactly how proficient each individual person aboard ship will be or, by extension, how ready a ship’s crew is before getting underway. Furthermore, not all ships (even of the same class) are configured or operated identically, so OJT and experience aboard one ship may not be 100% transferrable to another. As noted in the Navy's recent comprehensive review (United States Fleet Forces Command [USFFC], 2017), factors such as these can contribute to questionable seamanship, ineffective communication, and even avoidable collisions at sea.  This leads to four primary research questions: What are the key factors that contribute to individual and unit readiness? How can such key factors be measured, tracked and forecasted? What kinds of readiness knowledge and information are required for intuitive yet reliable assessment? What kind of architecture can support a KM approach to measurement?  In this study, we bring to bear the state of the art in terms of Knowledge Flow Theory (KFT; Nissen, 2014), analysis, visualization, and measurement (Nissen, 2017; Nissen, 2019) in addition to recent research on the SWO Community (Nissen & Tick, 2018). We also understand the importance of working with our project sponsor to tap the detailed and relevant insight and experience available. Hence, this effort combines some of the best thinking about knowledge dynamics and measurement with that of surface warfare proficiency and readiness to create an integrated, practical, SWO-focused endeavor.  Findings and Conclusions The research questions are pursued through the following major project tasks:  • Task 1: Research the academic, doctrinal and professional literatures to understand the key factors that contribute to individual and unit readiness. • Task 2: Understand how such key factors can be measured, tracked and forecasted.  NPS NRP Executive Summary Title: Surface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management Architecture  Report Date: 10/15/19 Project Number (IREF ID): NPS-19-156-A  Naval Postgraduate School Graduate School of Operational and Information Sciences • Task 3: Build upon our understanding of knowledge and information flows to identify the readiness knowledge and information required for intuitive yet reliable assessment.  Key findings center on leveraging our knowledge visualization and measurement techniques to depict and quantify the dynamics of SWO knowledge aboard ship. For illustration, we excerpt a critical situation from the Navy's comprehensive review leading to the fatal collision aboard the McCain, which we analyze, diagram, and measure. We elucidate important, novel insights into the manner in which knowledge flows—and fails to flow—during maneuvers for which exacting seamanship and teamwork are required, and we both delineate and quantify the huge knowledge loss that can result from watch team changes at sea. We also offer recommendations for mitigating such knowledge loss. We report how it is critically important to expand Navy consideration of SWO proficiency beyond the individual level: teams of people (e.g., watchstanders on the bridge) must be able to work proficiently together. Hence, it is insufficient to track and assess the knowledge of individual SWOs aboard ship.  Key findings also center on leveraging knowledge, information, and processes associated with the Aviation and Submariner Communities. Dynamic knowledge analysis demonstrated through this research represents a novel capability for the SWO Community, elucidating keen and novel insights into the associated issues and processes that cannot be understood otherwise.   Recommendations for Further Research We recommend future work with experienced SWO personnel to create the KM architecture noted above. We have many suggestions for approaching this future research, but there is much to be done now with the problems we’ve identified here but have yet to solve. On the bridge and elsewhere aboard ship, team knowledge and team performance are critical: It is insufficient for each individual officer and crew member to be knowledgeable, experienced and proficient. Rather, people must perform well on teams (e.g., watch standers on the bridge), and to do so, they must practice together. Team performance is important to track. This suggests that information about the watch bill—and watch performance— for instance, may prove useful, but much work is required to outline an effective and consistent approach.   References Nissen, M.E. (2014). Harnessing dynamic knowledge principles in the technology-driven world. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. Nissen, M.E. (2017). Working toward a system for measuring dynamic knowledge. International Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(3), 1-19. Nissen, M.E. (2019, January). Applying a system for measuring dynamic knowledge: Reconsidering the spiral model. Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Wailea, HI. Nissen, M.E. & Tick, S.L. (2018). Understanding and retaining talent in the Surface Warfare Community (Report No. NPS-18-001). Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School. United States Fleet Forces Command. (2017). Comprehensive review of recent surface force incidents. Norfolk, VA: Department of the Navy.  Acronyms Knowledge Flow Theory  KFT knowledge management  KM on the job training   OJT personnel qualification standards PQS surface warfare officer   SWO under instruction   UI  

Surface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management Architecture

NPS NRP Project PosterSurface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management ArchitectureApproved for public release. Distribution is unlimited. This research is supported by funding from the Naval Postgraduate School, Naval Research Program (PE 0605853N/2098). https://nps.edu/nrpChief of Naval Operations (CNO)Commander, Naval Surface Forces (CNSF

Calhoun: The NPS Institutional ArchiveDSpace RepositoryFaculty and Researchers Faculty and Researchers' Publications2019-12Surface Warfare Proficiency KnowledgeManagement ArchitectureNissen, Mark E.Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate Schoolhttp://hdl.handle.net/10945/70042This publication is a work of the U.S. Government as defined in Title 17, UnitedStates Code, Section 101. Copyright protection is not available for this work in theUnited States.Downloaded from NPS Archive: CalhounNaval PostgraduateSchoolBackground• SWO Community plays important role• Knowledge & learning are critical• People & ships are different• Hard to predict individual & team competency• Accidents can resultMcCain CollisionSurface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge ManagementKey Findings and Results• Insufficient to measure & track individual SWO knowledge• Knowledge of teams (e.g., watchstanders on Bridge) is critical• Aviation & Submariner Communities provide insights & examples• Mariner Log Book & tracking systems• “Remove before Flight” notes & records• NMETLs & PQS items to track training & accomplishments• Watch Bill scoringRecommendations for Future Research• Adapt suitable tools & techniques from Aviation• Integrate with existing SWO systems• Investigate Mariner Log Book usage• Develop SWO proficiency KM architecture• Focus on CRUDES O3 Department Head selectees• Populate & track informationResearchers: Dr. Mark Nissen & Dr. Shelley GallupGraduate School of Operational and Information SciencesTopic Sponsor:  Naval Surface Forces, PacificDistro A – Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.McCain ApplicationKnowledge Visualization• Leverage state of the art• Knowledge visualization & measurement• Delineate dynamic knowledge flows• Quantify knowledge energy & power losses• Elucidate novel, important insightsKnowledge VisualizationNRP  Project ID: NPS-19-N156-A

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Surface Warfare Proficiency Knowledge Management Architecture

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Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School

Calhoun, Institutional Archive of the Naval Postgraduate School