In a 2-yr field study, we evaluated the emergence and early growth of Chenopodium album L. (common lambsquarters) seedlings as affected by the landscape position in which the seeds (i) developed, (ii) overwintered, and (iii) were planted. Results indicated that a higher proportion of seeds originating from lower slope positions emerged compared with seeds originating from the backslope or upper slope. The timing of emergence was the same for all seed source locations. There was no influence of overwintering location on weed emergence. Regardless of the seed source, we observed faster emergence and growth of C. album planted in the lower slope, where soil conditions were more conducive to growth. These experiments will support the development of new strategies and decision aids to improve weed management

Amundson, Gary B

Forcella, Frank

Papiernik, Sharon K

English

DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska

University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska 11-14-2019 Emergence of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) is influenced by the landscape position in which seeds developed Sharon K. Papiernik USDA, Agricultural Research Service Frank Forcella USDA, Agricultural Research Service Gary B. Amundson USDA, Agricultural Research Service Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub  Part of the Agriculture Commons Papiernik, Sharon K.; Forcella, Frank; and Amundson, Gary B., "Emergence of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) is influenced by the landscape position in which seeds developed" (2019). Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty. 2517. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usdaarsfacpub/2517 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Research Service, Lincoln, Nebraska at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Publications from USDA-ARS / UNL Faculty by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. Received: 10 September 2019 Accepted: 14 November 2019DOI: 10.1002/ael2.20000R E S E A R C H L E T T E REmergence of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)is influenced by the landscape position in which seeds developedSharon K. Papiernik1 Frank Forcella2 Gary B. Amundson21USDA Agricultural Research Service, NorthCentral Agricultural Research Laboratory,Brookings, SD 570062USDA Agricultural Research Service, NorthCentral Soil Conservation ResearchLaboratory, Morris, MN 56267CorrespondenceSharon K. Papiernik, USDA-ARS, 2923Medary Ave., Brookings, SD 57006.Email: Sharon.Papiernik@usda.govAbstractIn a 2-yr field study, we evaluated the emergence and early growth of Chenopodiumalbum L. (common lambsquarters) seedlings as affected by the landscape positionin which the seeds (i) developed, (ii) overwintered, and (iii) were planted. Resultsindicated that a higher proportion of seeds originating from lower slope positionsemerged compared with seeds originating from the backslope or upper slope. Thetiming of emergence was the same for all seed source locations. There was no influ-ence of overwintering location on weed emergence. Regardless of the seed source, weobserved faster emergence and growth of C. album planted in the lower slope, wheresoil conditions were more conducive to growth. These experiments will support thedevelopment of new strategies and decision aids to improve weed management.1 INTRODUCTIONPredictive models are under continual improvement to fore-cast the emergence and growth of weeds in agricultural fields.Knowledge of what, where, and when weeds will emergedrives effective weed management by any means. As pre-cision agriculture approaches are developed to improve theefficiency of agricultural inputs, there is a need to betterdescribe the factors that influence weed success. The dynam-ics of soil temperature, moisture, and other factors of themicrosite (Bullied, Van Acker, & Bullock, 2012b and refer-ences therein) have been studied, but relatively little infor-mation exists regarding differences in weed emergence andgrowth as affected by the microsite in which the seeds devel-oped and overwintered. We therefore evaluated the emergenceand early growth of Chenopodium album L. (common lambs-quarters) seedlings from seeds (i) produced (ii) overwintered,and (iii) sown in different landscape positions of a highly vari-able landform to examine potential topographic influences onsubsequent weed emergence and growth.This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the originalwork is properly cited.© 2020 The Authors. Agricultural & Environmental Letters published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, andSoil Science Society of America2 METHODSExperiments were conducted in a landform in west-centralMinnesota (45.65◦ N, 95.83◦ W) affected by long-term tillageerosion (Papiernik et al., 2009). The surface soil organic car-bon concentration varied by a factor of eight across the land-form (Figure 1). The northeast-facing slope was segmentedinto six landscape positions (summit through toeslope) as partof a larger study (Papiernik et al., 2009). For this study, thesummit and shoulder were grouped as the upper slope, theupper and lower backslope were grouped as the backslope,and the footslope and toeslope were grouped as the lowerslope (Figure 1).Reciprocal planting studies were conducted in undisturbed(eroded) plots described in Papiernik et al. (2009). SelectedC. album plants in three landscape positions (upper slope,backslope, and lower slope) were protected from herbi-cide application in 2008, and seeds were harvested frommature plants. The C. album seeds were overwintered inmesh bags buried at 5 cm depth in the same landscapeAgric Environ Lett. 2020;5:e20000. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/ael2 1 of 4https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.200002 of 4 PAPIERNIK ET AL.position from which they were collected. Additionally, seedsoriginating from the upper slope were overwintered in thelower slope. Mesh bags were retrieved before spring tillagein 2009 and stored at 4◦C until use. Germination of field-overwintered seeds was tested in sterilized blotter-lined Petridishes.After the crop was sown in 2009 (corn [Zea mays L.]) and2010 (soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]), 100 seeds originat-ing from and overwintered in each landscape position weresown in duplicate 0.5 m× 0.5 m plots in each of the three land-scape positions (upper slope, backslope, lower slope). Residuewas removed and the soil was tilled using a manual rotaryhoe and rake before sowing; soil was firmed with a roller fol-lowing planting. Seeds were sown by hand at 1 cm depth infour rows per plot. Each plot included four rows of seeds, onefrom each of the four specific source/overwintering locations,as depicted in Figure 1; rows were randomly assigned withineach plot.Chenopodium album seeds were planted on 19 May 2009and 2 June 2010 and were monitored until 19 June 2009 and2 July 2010. Monitoring was discontinued when glyphosatewas applied in 2009; an attempt was made to protect plantsfrom the first herbicide application on 22 June 2010. Emer-gence was monitored every 1 to 7 d by counting the numberof C. album plants emerged in each row. Plants were removedupon counting and cumulative emergence was calculated. Alogistic model was fit to the cumulative emergence values andthe time (d) required to achieve 50% emergence was used asan indicator of emergence timing. The first C. album plant toemerge in each row was not pulled, and its development wasnoted at the end of the monitoring period, including heightand aboveground biomass. Plots were not protected frompredation.Surface soil moisture, temperature, and nutrients were mea-sured in plots along the same hillslope as the weed studyarea. Surface soil (0–5 cm depth) volumetric water contentwas determined weekly using a dielectric impedance probe(HydraProbe, Stevens Water Monitoring Systems) in 2009.Soil temperature was monitored continuously at 5 cm depthusing temperature loggers (Hobo, Onset Computer Corpora-tion) in the shoulder and footslope positions in both 2009 and2010. Soil nutrients (0–15 cm) were measured in spring usingstandard methods.Results were analyzed by year using PROC GLIMMIX inSAS (SAS Institute, 2017), with seed source/overwinteringlocation (four combinations) and planting location (threelandscape positions) as independent fixed factors. Significantdifferences were determined using the Tukey test withα = 0.05. Outliers were declared when the studentized resid-ual was greater than 2.5; there was no more than one outlierper year per response variable. There was no significantinteraction between seed source/overwintering location andplanting location for any response variable.Core Ideas• Lambsquarters seeds originating from the lowerslope had more successful emergence.• There was no influence of overwintering locationon lambsquarters emergence.• Seeds planted in the lower slope had more andfaster emergence, and faster growth.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION3.1 Growing conditionsIn 2008, the year of weed seed production, soil moistures werevery high during the early growing season and decreased dra-matically in the summer drought. Rainfall totals measuredat the site during the 2009 and 2010 studies were 23.5 and84.4 mm, respectively.There were large differences in soil properties as a func-tion of landscape position (Figure 1; see also Papiernik et al.,2009). Surface soils in the lower slope were wetter and coolerthan the upper and backslope positions. During the 2009 weedstudy, soil moistures in the upper slope and backslope werean average of 80 and 75% of those in the lower slope, respec-tively. The lower slope weed plots were not typically water-logged during the growing season. In both 2009 and 2010,average daily temperatures were highest in the backslope andwere an average 0.4◦C cooler in the upper slope and 0.7◦C(2009) to 1.2◦C (2010) cooler in the lower slope. Nutrientsmeasured by landscape position after fertilization in 2009averaged 44–119 mg kg−1 for available N, 8–28 mg kg−1 forP, and 130–180 mg kg−1 for K; values for 2010 (no fertilizerapplied) were 15–28 mg kg−1 for available N, 8–15 mg kg−1for P, and 160–190 mg kg−1 for K, with the highest valuesalways observed in the lower slope.3.2 Influence of weed seed sourceand overwintering locationsThe location in which seeds developed significantly influ-enced seed weight and seedling emergence. The dry mass of1000 seeds was significantly greater in the lower slope (0.63 g,SE 0.004) than the backslope (0.55 g, SE 0.003) and upperslope (0.51 g, SE 0.007). Germination was found to be uni-form across seed source and overwintering sites.In both years, seeds originating from lower slope positionshad more successful emergence than seeds originating fromthe backslope or upper slope, regardless of where they wereplanted (Figure 2). The timing of emergence was the samefor all seed source locations. These results suggest that C.album growing in the lower slope in 2008 may have been pro-visioned with more nutrients, altered hormone levels, and soPAPIERNIK ET AL. 3 of 4F I G U R E 1 Location of weed plots (indicated by six boxes) and experimental set-up. Each of the plots included four rows of seeds as shown inthe insetF I G U R E 2 Cumulative emergence of Chenopodium albumgrown and overwintered in the upper slope, backslope, and lower slopeof the hillside in Figure 1. Values are the mean across plantinglocations. Values followed by the same letter within each year are notsignificantly different (p = 0.05)on, because of more favorable growing conditions in the lowerslope compared with the eroded upper slope.There was no influence of overwintering location on weedemergence: seeds sourced from the upper slope had the samecumulative emergence and time to 50% emergence whetherthey were overwintered in the upper slope or lower slope (datanot shown). There were no differences in weed biomass orheight as a function of seed source or overwintering location.3.3 Influence of weed seed planting locationSeeds planted in the lower slope tended to emerge morequickly and have more successful emergence than other land-scape positions, although this was not always statisticallysignificant (Figure 3). Differences in cumulative emergenceamong sites where seeds were planted (a factor of about 1.2;Figure 3) were much smaller than differences among siteswhere seeds had developed (a factor of >2.5, Figure 2). Seedswere planted at a uniform (1 cm) depth and with good seed-to-soil contact, which should have favored emergence.In 2009, C. album planted in the lower slope grew morerapidly than those planted in the backslope and upper slope.This effect was not significant in 2010, when deer browsingand possible herbicide damage were noted in upper and lowerslope plots. In 2009, C. album planted in the upper slope andbackslope had <20% the dry biomass and were <50% theheight of plants grown in the lower slope. These differencesare likely due to the better growing environment in the lowerslope.4 of 4 PAPIERNIK ET AL.F I G U R E 3 Cumulative emergence (bars) and time (d) requiredto reach 50% of maximum emergence (numbers within bars) ofChenopodium album planted in the upper slope, backslope, andfootslope of the hillside in Figure 1. Values are the mean across seedsource/overwintering locations. Values followed by the same letterwithin each year are not significantly different (p = 0.05)Other experiments that evaluated weed seedling establish-ment as a function of landscape position reported varyingresults. Bullied, Van Acker, and Bullock (2012a) reported thatdifferences in soil physical properties, temperature, and mois-ture on a hillslope in Manitoba did not produce differences inemergence timing or cumulative emergence of spring wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) used as a weed surrogate. Studies inNebraska showed that establishment of annual weed popula-tions varied with topographic position but not in a consistentway, in part because high soil moisture in some low-lyingareas inhibited establishment (Dieleman, Mortensen, Buhler,& Ferguson, 2000; Dille, Mortensen, & Young, 2002). TheseNebraska studies evaluated weed populations in producerfields, not establishment of purposely planted weed seeds.Our experiments were conducted in fields with good overallweed control. The C. album plants were protected fromherbicide application in 2008 to produce seeds for theexperiment. The results of our study suggest that perhapssome of the spatial variability observed in weed populations(Albrecht & Pilgram, 1997; Bullied et al., 2012a; Cardina,Sparrow, & McCoy, 1995; Dieleman et al., 2000; Dille et al.,2002) is due to more successful emergence of seeds producedin landscape positions providing favorable conditions andthat reducing dispersal of these seeds may be an importantmechanism influencing overall weed management.The differences in the timing and extent of C. albumemergence and growth as a function of seed source andplanting location have implications for precision agricultureapproaches that attempt to make the most efficient use ofagrochemical and other inputs. These experiments will aidthe development of biological models of C. album and otherweeds and thereby support efforts to devise new strategies anddecision aids to improve weed management.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe authors gratefully acknowledge the cooperation of KarlRetzlaff, landowner and farmer, and Dr. Bee Khim Chim, whoperformed the statistical analyses. Mention of trade names orcommercial products in this publication is solely for the pur-pose of providing specific information and does not implyrecommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Departmentof Agriculture. USDA is an equal opportunity provider andemployer.CONFLICT OF INTERESTThe authors declare no conflict of interest.R E F E R E N C E SAlbrecht, H. & Pilgram, M. (1997). The weed seed bank of soils ina landscape segment in southern Bavaria. Vegetatio, 131, 31-43.https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009748308550Bullied, W. J., Van Acker, R. C., & Bullock, P. R. (2012a). Hydrothermalmodeling of seedling emergence timing across topography and soildepth. Agronomy Journal, 104, 423–436. https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2011.0257Bullied, W. J., Van Acker, R. C., & Bullock, P. R. (2012b). Review:Microsite characteristics influencing weed seedling recruitment andimplications for recruitment modeling. Canadian Journal of PlantScience, 92, 627–650. https://doi.org/10.4141/cjps2011-281Cardina, J., Sparrow, D. H., & McCoy, E. L. (1995). Analysis of spa-tial distribution of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) inno-till soybean (Glycine max). Weed Science, 43, 258–268. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0043174500081157Dieleman, J. A., Mortensen, D. A., Buhler, D. D., & Ferguson, R.B. (2000). Identifying associations among site properties andweed species abundance: II. Hypothesis generation. Weed Science,48, 576–587. https://doi.org/10.1614/0043-1745(2000)048[0576:IAASPA]2.0.CO;2Dille, J. A., Mortensen, D. A., & Young, L. J. (2002). Predicting weedspecies occurrence based on site properties and previous year’sweed presence. Precision Agriculture, 3, 193–207. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015596518147Papiernik, S. K., Schumacher, T. E., Lobb, D. A., Lindstrom, M.J., Lieser, M. L., Eynard, A., & Schumacher, J. A. (2009).Soil properties and productivity as affected by topsoil movementwithin an eroded landform. Soil & Tillage Research, 102, 67–77.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2008.07.018SAS Institute. (2017). Base SAS 9.4 procedures guide: Statistical proce-dures. Cary, NC: SAS Institute.How to cite this article: Papiernik SK, Forcella F,Amundson GB. Emergence of common lambsquarters(Chenopodium album L.) is influenced by thelandscape position in which seeds developed. AgricEnviron Lett. 2020;5:e20000.https://doi.org/10.1002/ael2.20000

Emergence of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.)
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Emergence of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) is influenced by the landscape position in which seeds developed

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