Zdigitalizowano i udostępniono w ramach projektu pn. Rozbudowa otwartych zasobów naukowych Repozytorium Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, dofinansowanego z programu „Społeczna odpowiedzialność nauki” Ministra Edukacji i Nauki na podstawie umowy SONB/SP/512497/2021The social pathology of corruption is not typical solely of our times and is as old as human societies. Research conducted by Transparency International that corruption is present, in various intensity, an all countries of the would. Of the 179 countries included in the last year’s study, Poland was in the 61st place, with the Corruption Perception Index equal to 4.2 points. Poland is perceived as the most corrupt country of the European Union. In the period between 1966 and 2006, the value of Poland’s CPI systematically decreased, which indicates that corruption became more prevalent in various areas of social life. The study conducted between the 3rd and the 6th of February 2006 by the Public Opinion Research Center (CBOS) on the representative random sample of adult citizens demonstrated that a large part of the Polish society (93%) perceives corruption as a big problem.Grażyna B. Szczygieł, Professor of the University of Białystok is working at the faculty of Law University in Białystok (Poland), at the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology. Fields of study criminal law, executive criminal law, procedure with convicted in the penitentiary isolation. She is an author of over 60 publications. She has participated in more 40 confereces.Faculty of Law University in Białystok (Poland), at the Department of Criminal Law and Criminology63964
