Acknowledgments We thank Paul Stewart for his contribution to data collection and Dr Matthew Jones for programming the handheld computers. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: WS DJP. Performed the experiments: DJP. Analyzed the data: WS. Wrote the paper: WS DJP.Peer reviewedPublisher PD

A Clow

A Munck

A Steptoe

AD Roberts

AH Bohmelt

AS Desantis

C Stetler

Daniel J. Powell

E Fries

EK Adam

ES Costanzo

F Faul

H Bruehl

I Bengtsson

I Wilhelm

J Hellhammer

J-P Gouin

JC Pruessner

JM Cortina

L Hu

L Thorn

LJ Cronbach

M Mikolajczak

MJ Henckens

N Rohleder

NM Laird

OT Wolf

P Schulz

PH Wirtz

PM Zoccola

RA Dressendörfer

RM Sapolsky

S Edwards

S Het

S Kern

S Shiffman

SR Kunz-Ebrecht

SS Inslicht

T Asparouhov

T Stalder

Tobias Deschner

TW Buchanan

UM Nater

W Schlotz

Wolff Schlotz

Y Chida

Y Sheng

PLoS ONE

English

PubMed

Powell Daniel J.

Schlotz Wolff

Public Library of Science (PLOS)

Daily Life Stress and the Cortisol Awakening Response: Testing the Anticipation Hypothesis

The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a distinct facet of the circadian cortisol rhythm associated with various health conditions and risk factors. It has repeatedly been suggested that the CAR could be a result of the anticipated demands of the upcoming day (stress anticipation) and could support coping with daily life stress. In a sample of 23 healthy participants CARs were assessed on two consecutive days by measures of salivary cortisol upon awakening (S1) and 30 and 45 minutes later, which were aggregated to the area under the curve increase (AUCI). Stress anticipation was assessed immediately after awakening. On the same days, daily life stress and distress were assessed six times per day based on a quasi-randomized design using handheld computers. Associations were tested by day using regression analysis and standard multilevel/mixed effects models for longitudinal data. The CAR AUCI moderated the effect of daily life stress on distress; higher CAR increases were associated with attenuated distress responses to daily life stress on both days (day 1: p = .039; day 2: p = .004) adjusted for age, gender, sleep quality, time of awakening and oral contraceptive use. Lagged-effects and redundancy models showed that this effect was not due to prior-day CAR increases but specific for same day CARs. On day 2, associations between daily life stress and distress were stronger when individuals showed a higher S1 cortisol level, but this effect was similar for S1 on day 1, and the day 2 effect of S1 became non-significant when S1 on day 1 was controlled. No associations were found between stress anticipation and CARs. Findings indicate that the CAR increase is associated with successful coping with same-day daily life stress

Powell, D.

Schlotz, W.

MPG.PuRe

Daily life stress and the cortisol awakening response: testing the anticipation hypothesis

The cortisol awakening response (CAR) is a distinct facet of the circadian cortisol rhythm associated with various health conditions and risk factors. It has repeatedly been suggested that the CAR could be a result of the anticipated demands of the upcoming day (stress anticipation) and could support coping with daily life stress. In a sample of 23 healthy participants CARs were assessed on two consecutive days by measures of salivary cortisol upon awakening (S1) and 30 and 45 minutes later, which were aggregated to the area under the curve increase (AUCI). Stress anticipation was assessed immediately after awakening. On the same days, daily life stress and distress were assessed six times per day based on a quasi-randomized design using handheld computers. Associations were tested by day using regression analysis and standard multilevel/mixed effects models for longitudinal data. The CAR AUCI moderated the effect of daily life stress on distress; higher CAR increases were associated with attenuated distress responses to daily life stress on both days (day 1: p = .039; day 2: p = .004) adjusted for age, gender, sleep quality, time of awakening and oral contraceptive use. Lagged-effects and redundancy models showed that this effect was not due to prior-day CAR increases but specific for same day CARs. On day 2, associations between daily life stress and distress were stronger when individuals showed a higher S1 cortisol level, but this effect was similar for S1 on day 1, and the day 2 effect of S1 became non-significant when S1 on day 1 was controlled. No associations were found between stress anticipation and CARs. Findings indicate that the CAR increase is associated with successful coping with same-day daily life stress

Daniel J Powell

Directory of Open Access Journals

Daily life stress and the cortisol awakening response: testing the anticipation hypothesis.

Acknowledgments We thank Paul Stewart for his contribution to data collection and Dr Matthew Jones for programming the handheld computers. Author Contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: WS DJP. Performed the experiments: DJP. Analyzed the data: WS. Wrote the paper: WS DJP.Peer reviewe

Powell, Daniel J

Schlotz, Wolff

Aberdeen University Research

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Convit A

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Longitudinal data analysis.

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Muthe ´n B

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Skrondal A

Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses.

Steptoe A

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Daily life stress and the cortisol awakening response : testing the anticipation hypothesis

Powell, Daniel J.

University of Regensburg Publication Server

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Daily life stress and the cortisol awakening response : testing the anticipation hypothesis

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Public Library of Science (PLOS)

Public Library of Science (PLOS)

MPG.PuRe

MPG.PuRe

Directory of Open Access Journals

Aberdeen University Research

University of Regensburg Publication Server

Crossref

University of Regensburg Publication Server