Cheung, SSC

Murase, N

Ricordi, C

Starzl, TE

Tai, J

Tze, WJ

Transplantation Proceedings

PubMed

Cheung, S-SC

Name not available

FK506-An effective immunosuppressant in achieving long-term functional islet allograft survival in diabetic rats

D-Scholarship@Pitt

FK 506-An Effective Immunosuppressant in Achieving Long-Term Functional Islet Allograft Survival in Diabetic Rats W.J. Tze, J. Tai, S.-S.C. Cheung, C. Ricardi, N. Murase, and T.E. Starzl TRANSPLANTED pancreatic islet tissue has been shown to restore normoglycemia and prevent the development of chronic complications in diabetic ani-mals. 1 The application of allo- and xenotransplantation of pancreatic islets for the treatment of diabetes is hindered by immune rejection. FK 506, a new immunosuppressive agent, has been demonstrated to be effective in the pro-longation of survival of heart, intestine, liver, and islet allografts in rats, and liver. kidney, and pancreas allografts in humans. 2-4 The efficacy of FK 506 in the prolongation of islet allograft survival has been found to be affected by the dosage of FK 506 and the site of the islet graft.3 The present study is aimed at achieving long-term functional rat islet allograft across major histocompatibility barrier using FK 506 as an immunosuppressant. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats of outbred Wistar (Wi) and inbred Lewis (Le) strains. with body weights of 350 to 500 g, were used as donors of pancreatic tissue. and rats of inbred ACI (RTI") strain were used as streptozotocin-induced (55 mglkg IV) diabetic recipients tHar-Ian Sprague Dawley. Indianapolis. Ind). An animal is defined as diabetic only when serum glucose is greater than 400 mgldL over 10 days. Pancreatic tissue was digested with collagenase. and the islets were handpicked under a dissection microscope. Contami-nating acinar tissues and blood vessels were removed from the islets by the single-layer Hypaque-Ficoll separation technique.s For kidney subcapsular (KC) transplantation approximately 2.000 freshly isolated islets, suspended in a total volume of 70 ILL Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS). were iqjected. For intra-portal OPo) transplantation, the islets were suspended in 200 ILL HBSS in a Monoject U-lOO insulin syringe and injected over a I-minute period into diabetic recipients. The syringe was flushed twice with the recipients' blood. Iqjectable form of FK 506 (Lot 116393) was provided by Fujisawa Pharmaceutical Co (Osaka, Japan). The required amount of the compound was weighed out daily and prepared in saline within 10 minutes of 1M injection. The administration of FK 506 was initiated on the day of transplantation. Protocol I con-sisted of FK S06 at I mglkg/d 1M for 2 weeks. Protocol II consisted of FK 506 at 1 mglkg/d 1M for 2 weeks plus I mglkg/wk. Daily serum glucose and body weight of recipient rats were determined for 2 weeks after transplantation and then twice weekly thereafter. Rejection was considered to have occurred when the serum glucose level exceeded 200 mgldL on 3 succes-sive days. Survival time for each recipient group is reported as mean:t SEM. Statistical evaluation was performed by Student's r test. IV glucose tolerance test (lVGTI, 1 glkg IV through femoral vein in overnight fasted animals) was performed in some islet recipients I week after the last dose of FK 506. Blood samples were collected from the tail at 0, I. 3. 5, 15. 30. 60. 90. and 120 minutes for glucose determination. Some functional grafts were removed for histologic and histochemical studies. Paraffin sections were stained for insulin and glucagon with immunoperoxidase staining (ABC Staining Kits. Vectastain. Cedarlane Laboratory. Hornby. Ontario) and frozen sections for ceHular markers with monoclonal antibodies (clones OX\. OX6, OX8. and W 3/25; Daymar Labo-ratory. Toronto. Ontario). RESULTS Table 1 shows that fresh Wi islet allograft had a mean functional period of 7.4 ± 0.25 and 6.7 ± 0.5 days, respectively, when transplanted under the KC and IPo in diabetic ACI recipients. Diabetic ACI recipients of fresh Wi islets under the KC which received FK 506 1 mglkgld for 14 days had a much prolonged survival time. Seven of ten were rejected between 41 to 73 days following trans-plantation, while the remaining three achieved survival of over 120 days. In diabetic rats transplanted with islets IPo and treated similarly with FK 506, seven of seven grafts From the Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, University of British Columbia. Vancouver. Canada. and the Department of Surgery. University of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh. Pennsylvania. This work was supported by the Medical Research Council of Canada. Address reprint requests to Dr W.J. Tze. Department of Pediat-rics. University of British Columbia and BC's Children's Hospital, 4480 Oak St, Room 1 A46. Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6H 3V4. © 1992 by Appleton & Lange 0041-1345/921$3.00/+0 Table 1. Functional Period of WI Rat Islet Allograft Under the KC and IPo In Diabetic ACI Rata Group FK506 Site Survival (d) None KC 7.7,7.8,8 2 None IPo 5,6.6.7.8,8 3 1 mg/kgld 1M, day 0-13 KC 41,45.46,47.48.52.73. >120,* >122,t >124t 4 1 mglkgld 1M. day 0-13: weekly thereafter KC >112.t >114.t >142. >145. >151, >152, >155. >160 5 1 mg/kgld 1M. day 0-13 IPo >119, >120. >137. >150, >161. >163. >250 'Died of aneslhesia; normal-appearing islets _e present at the graft site. tKkfney containing the islet alIogra1t was removed. Meen:!: SEM 7.4:!:: 0.25 6.7:!:: O.SO >72.8:!:: 11.1 >141.4 :!:: 6.6 >157.1 :t 16.9 1034 Transplantation Proceedings. Vol 24. No 3 (June), 1992: pp 1034--1036 FK 50S-AN EFFECTIVE IMMUNOSUPPRESSANT Table 2. Functional Pertod of Mixed WI and La Strain Rat Islet Allograft Under the KC of Diabetic ACI Rsts Group 1 2 FK 506 None 1 mglkgld 1M. day (H3; weekly thereaf· ter SUIVtYal (d) 4.5.5.5.7 67. 85. 90: 103. 132 Mean:t SEM 5.2 ± 0.5 >95.4 ± 10.8 'Kidney contaming the islet allograft was removed and normaI-appearing islets were present at the graft arte. had prolonged survival. In the group given islet transplant under KC but treated with FK 506 at 1 mglkgld for 14 days followed by subsequent weekly injections. eight of eight recipients had prolonged functional islet allograft. Surgical removal of the kidney containing the allogeneic islet tissue resulted in the return to hyperglycemia in four of four recipients within 2 days. The body weight of the recipients remained constant during the FK 506 treatment period but increased when it was stopped or when changed to weekly injection. Following the surgical removal of the Wi islet graft. the body weight of the ACI recipients dropped rapidly. To assess the effect of FK 506 immunosuppression on the survival of islet allograft composed of tissue from two donor strains. diabetic ACI rats were transplanted under the KC with a mixture of Wi and Le strain islets. Table 2 shows that the mixed strain islet allograft functioned for 5.2 :±: 0.5 days (n = 5) in nonimmunosuppressed rats. FK 506 treatment significantly prolonged the allograft function to >95.4 :±: IO.S days (n = 5). Figure I shows that the results of IVGrr performed in both groups of ACI recipients with functional Wi islets under KC. 1 week after the last injection of FK 506, were much improved over the diabetic controls. Insulin-containing islets were abundant under the KC of all the islet allograft recipients treated with FK 506. CD4 :; eoo "-raoo • • 8 400 ~ ~ aoo • 200 100 L-__ i-__ ~ __ ~ __ -J __ ~~ __ ~ __ ~~ -20 0 20 40 eo 80 100 120 140 II ..... Fig 1. Serum glucose following IVGTT (1 g/kg body weight) in overnight fasted normal rats (\1--\1, n = 11), diabetic rats (<J--<J, n = 6), diabetic ACI recipient rats with functional islet allograft under KC treated with FK 506 (1 mg/kgld 1M. 2 weeks. 0--0, n=6; 1 mglkg/d 1M, 2 weeks plus 1 mg/kg wk, 6.--6., n = 7) 1 week after the last FK 506 injection. 1035 positive and CDS positive cells were present in the vicinity of the normal-appearing islets. However, they were not detected within the islets. DISCUSSION Results of the present study show that FK 506 is an effective immunosuppressant in prolonging fresh islet al-lograft survival. At a daily dosage of I mglkg administered 1M for 14 days, starting on the day of transplantation, significant prolongation of fresh Wi islet allograft survival was observed both under the KC and IPo. The efficacy of FK 506 is improved by additional weekly injection in the group with islets transplanted under KC. Furthermore, this treatment regimen was effective in prolonging islet allograft survival composed of tissues from two donor strains. This observation is important as islet tissue from more than one donor is needed to reverse the diabetic state of the recipients in clinical transplantation. 6 Though FK 506 prolonged islet allograft from single and two donor strains transplanted under KC. the result achieved in the former group was significantly better. This may partly be explained by the higher immunogenicity of the islet prep-aration used in the latter group. The present observation differed from that of Yasunami et al3 who failed to achieve prolonged islet allograft under KC. This difference could be due to the use of a higher dosage of FK 506 for a longer duration by us. Similar to their observation, we also observed the superiority of the IPo over the KC site in the islet transplantation model we have used. The suggestion that FK 506 is metabolized extensively in the liver before excretion may contribute to the superiority of the IPo site.7 The islet allograft recipient animals had achieved nor-malization of random blood glucose that was similar to that of normal controls. In addition. the glucose clearance rates were significantly improved. The mildly abnormal glucose tolerance found in these diabetic recipient animals could be attributed to one or more factors, including the non-physiologic implant site, renal subcapsular space, and inadequate islet mass being used for transplantation. Since the IVGrr was performed 1 week following the comple-tion of a 2-week course of FK 506 administration, the abnormality might also be partly due to the effect of FK 506. Nalesnik et al8 earlier also observed a trend for FK 506-treated rats to demonstrate higher levels of blood glucose than controls. Histologically, the islet graft from the recipients treated for a 14-day course of FK 506, plus weekly il\iection for over 100 days appeared normal and stained strongly posi-tive for insulin. This would be in keeping with our finding of the effect of FK 506 on islets in vitro.9 In conclusion, FK 506 is a potent, effective immunosup-pressant in islet allograft transplantation in rats and has potential use for clinical islet transplantation in the treat-ment of human diabetics. 1036 REFERENCES I. Sutherland DER. Chinn PL. Morrow CW: In: Gupta S (ed). Immunology of Clinical Experimental Diabetes. New York: Ple-num. 1984. p 147 2. Murase N. Kim DG. Todo S. et al: Transplant Proc 22:74. 1990 (suppl I) 3. Yasunami Y. Schinichiroh R. Kamei T: Transplantation 49:682, 1990 TZE. TAl. CHEUNG ET AL 4. Stanl TE. Fung J, Venkataramman R, et al: Lancet 2: 1000, 1989 5. Tze WJ, Wong FC. Tingle AJ: Transplantation 22:201, 1976 6. Scharp DW, Lacy PE, Santiago lV, et al: Diabetes 39:515, 1990 7. Venkataramanan R, Warty VS, Zemaitis MA, et al: Trans-plant Proc 19:30, 1987 (suppl 6) 8. Nalesnik MA, Todo S, Murase N, et al: Transplant Proc 19:89, 1987 (suppI6) 9. Tze WJ, Tai J, Cheung S: Transplantation 49: 1172, 1990 

FK 506 - An effective immunosuppressant in achieving long-term functional islet allograft survival in diabetic rats

Tze, W. J

Tai, J

Cheung, S.-S. C

Ricordi, C

Murase, N

Starzl, T. E

University of Miami: Scholarship Miami

FK 506 : an effective immunosuppressant in achieving long-term functional islet allograft survival in diabetic rats

http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/4765/1/31735062111715.pdf

FK 506 - An effective immunosuppressant in achieving long-term functional islet allograft survival in diabetic rats

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