The EN 14299 standard describes in vitro tests of stent and stent system which are

specified more precisely and cover a number of additional parameters. In this paper

examination of bare metal coronary stents are shown, such as the trackability force

measurement. The measurement of the system’s trackability was performed using an in vitro

coronary vessel model with the method worked out by us. The trackability is a very important

property of the stent system

Dobránszky, János

Szabadíts, Péter

English

Repository of the Academy's Library

Gépészet 2008 Budapest, 29-30 May 2008                                                                                                 G-2008-N-13  1 / 5  TRACKABILITY MEASUREMENT OF CORONARY STENT IN A CORONARY VESSEL MODELL  Péter Szabadíts Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 1111 Budapest, Goldmann tér 3., szabadits@freemail.hu, Phone: +36 1 4632175.  János Dobránszky Research Group for Metals Technology of HAS 1111 Budapest, Goldmann tér 3., dobi@eik.bme.hu.   Abstract: The EN 14299 standard describes in vitro tests of stent and stent system which are specified more precisely and cover a number of additional parameters. In this paper examination of bare metal coronary stents are shown, such as the trackability force measurement. The measurement of the system’s trackability was performed using an in vitro coronary vessel model with the method worked out by us. The trackability is a very important property of the stent system.  Keywords: bare metal coronary stent, tracking force, trackability   1 INTRODUCTION  The illnesses of the cardiovascular system are among the most frequent diseases of the adult population in Hungary. The atherosclerosis and the kickback of the occlusions of the arteries are the main causes of death or stroke especially in the middle-age men population. In 1994 the Food and Drug Administration approved the balloon-expandable coronary stent for the prevention of restenosis. A vascular stent is a surgically implanted endovascular prosthetic device which acts to scaffold a blood vessel permanently open and compress any lesions protruding into the vessel lumen. The operation of implantation of coronary stent is utilizing catheter balloon to place and deploy the stent where the plaque exits in the vascular lumen, which prevents recoil of the atherosclerotic vessel wall or protrusion of plaques or dissected intimal flaps into vascular lumen and thereby prevails as a new typical treatment method for the coronary heart disease. During the implantation, at first the balloon catheter and the stent are mounted onto is inserted to the place where the plaque of artery exists. Then, stent is expanded by the pressurized catheter balloon to a predetermined diameter. Finally, the balloon is deflated and taken out and stent is leaved there supporting the wall of the artery to alleviate the blockage of arteries due to plaque, so blood can flow properly. The ideal stent possesses a low profile, good flexibility and good trackability to navigate tortuous vessels, adequate radiopacity, low recoil, sufficient radial strength, a low metal surface area, high scaffolding ability, etc [1]. According to the EN14299:2004 trackability in general means that to determine the ability of the delivery system to advance over a guidewire, following the guidewire tip, along the path of the vessel, including in narrow and tortuous vessels. The elements of the simulated anatomy that the delivery system had difficulty negotiating shall be evaluated. The trackability test of stents includes profile effect or flaring and dislodgement force too [2]. Several methods exist for the determination of stents trackability but no standard method exists [3]. To describe the process of tracking need the pushing force. This force Gépészet 2008 Budapest, 29-30 May 2008                                                                                                 G-2008-N-13  2 / 5 depends on the stent surface treatment, the friction between the stent and the vessel wall, the deviation of the stents rings, etc [4,5,6]. The majority of the trackability test methods are used an anatomic vessel model [1,4].  2 MATERIALS AND METHODS  The measurement of the system’s trackability was performed using an in vitro coronary vessel model (Figure 1). The parameters of the model were AB=20 mm, BC= 25 mm, CD= 20 mm, DE= 65 mm, EF= 35 mm, FG= 40 mm, αBD=π/2, RBD= 30 mm, αEG= π, REG= 15 mm.    Fig. 1 Testing route for the measurement of trackability force The model was prepared by using soft vinyl chloride tube 3.0 mm in diameter. A 6F (1.8 mm) guiding catheter (Launcher, Medtronic AVE) was connected to the vascular model. A 0.36 mm guidewire (Balance, Guidant) was inserted into the guiding catheter and the vascular model. A stent delivery system (Maverick 15/2.5) with a crimped stent (13 mm length Sanocor stent) was fixed to the ZWICK 005 equipment. The delivery system was moved toward the vascular model at a rate of 10 mm/s. The position of the stent delivery system’s tip and the force generated were recorded. The maximum attainment distance was 220 mm. The stent delivery system was able to go over position G in Figure 1. At the start position the end of the guiding catheter was at the point A, the tip of the delivery system was at the point B. The delivery system was tested in a linear tube also. Three different delivery systems were tested in the guiding catheter for comparison the force which needs to move forward. The tested stents were examined with stereo microscopes and camera and photographs were taken to study the damage of them, the delivery system and stents avoided the damages. Gépészet 2008 Budapest, 29-30 May 2008                                                                                                 G-2008-N-13  3 / 5  3 RESULTS The minimal tracking force is the force which needs to move forward the delivery system in the guiding catheter. Fig. 2 shows the force in function of the displacement. A constant force had to move forward a delivery system in the guiding catheter it was 0.4-0.8 N.   0,00,20,40,60,81,01,21,40 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98 108 118 128 138 148 158 168 178 188 198 208 218mmNIIIIIIFig. 2 Force–displacement curves of three different delivery system (I,II,III) in the  guiding catheter  The trackability measurement of the examined stent system (Maverick 15/2.5) provided trackable force curves as shown in Figure 3, the distance in function with force.  0,00,51,01,52,02,53,03,54,04,50 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98 108 118 128 138 148 158 168 178 188 198 208 218mmNB C D E F G Fig. 3 Tracking force curve of the track test  Gépészet 2008 Budapest, 29-30 May 2008                                                                                                 G-2008-N-13  4 / 5 The trackability measurement of Maverick delivery system and Sanocor stent provided tracking force curves in the guiding catheter the linear tube and the coronary vessel model as shown in Figure 4 the force in function of the displacement.  0,00,51,01,52,02,53,03,54,04,50 8 18 28 38 48 58 68 78 88 98 108 118 128 138 148 158 168 178 188 198 208 218mmNCoronary vessel modelLinear tubeGuiding catheterFig. 4 Tracking force curves of the Maverick delivery system  4 CONCLUDING REMARKS The aim of the present study was to measure the tracking forces in different condition and separate the guiding catheter and tube effect. By the characteristic of tracking force curves was suggested that the friction in the system is permanent because to move forward the delivery system in the guiding had to be a constant force. In the linear tube was detected a smoothly growing force and it was suggested that the smoothly growing friction caused it.  In the vessel model was detected double peaks of tracking force curves and that corresponded of the curves of the model. The peaks of the curves suggested that in the curves was higher friction then the linear section. That means there was higher the compressive force. The dissection of data could shown if the stent delivery system cause any injury during the tracking method or not.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Authors wish to thank BUTE Department of Polymer Engineering. This work was supported by the National Research and Development Programs (NKPF-3A-042-04) and by the Hungarian Research Fund (OTKA K69122).   REFERENCES [1] Schmidt W, Behrens P, Behrend D, Schmitz KP Experimental Study of Peripheral: Balloon-expandable Stent Systems. Progress in Biomedical Research, 2001; 246-255 [2] EN14299:2004 [3] Dyet JF, Watts WG, Ettles DF, Nicholson AA Mechanical Properties of Metallic Stents: How Do These Properties Influence the Choice of Stent for Specific Lesions? Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology, 2000; 23:47–54 Gépészet 2008 Budapest, 29-30 May 2008                                                                                                 G-2008-N-13  5 / 5 [4] Ohyama T, Nishide T, Iwata H, Taki W: Development of Gold Stents for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: An Experimental Study in a Canine Model AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 2004; 25:53–59 [5] Schmidt W, Behrens P, Werner D, Graf B, Schmitz PK: In vitro measurement of quality parameters of stent-catheter systems. Biomedical Technology, 2005; 50:1505-1506 [6] Bálint Pataki Zs, Bognár E, Ring Gy, Szabó B, Ginsztler J: Koszorúérsztentek vizsgálata. Gép 2006; 57(11):3-7    

AA Mechanical Properties of Metallic Stents: How Do These Properties Influence the Choice of Stent for Specific Lesions? Cardiovascular Interventional Radiology,

Koszorúérsztentek vizsgálata. Gép

Schmitz KP Experimental Study of Peripheral: Balloon-expandable Stent Systems.

Schmitz PK: In vitro measurement of quality parameters of stent-catheter systems. Biomedical Technology,

Taki W: Development of Gold Stents for the Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: An Experimental Study in a Canine Model AJNR

Trackability Measurement of Coronary Stent in a Coronary Vessel Modell

Trackability Measurement of Coronary Stent in a Coronary Vessel Modell

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