Kuznetsova, Lily

Shpagina, Viktoriya

Tyshchyk, Borys

Цифровий репозиторій ХНАМГ (KNAME Digital Repository)

 72  Land rent is a payment that the lessee makes to the landowner for using the land plot. The size, form and timing of the rent payment for the land are determined by agreement of the parties in the lease agreement. The calculation of the rent for land is made taking into account the inflation indices, unless otherwise provided by the lease agreement. A land lease agreement is made in writing and, at the request of one of the parties, may be certified by a notary public. The standard form of land lease agreement is approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine. From these facts, one may conclude that Land is the most important resource for agricultural production. Improvement of lease land relations requires the formation of a comprehensive system of their legal regulation, with strict adherence to it in the conditions of production and the adoption of a long-term government program of development of lease in the agricultural sector, which will allow the subjects of lease relations to fully realize all the powers laid down in the triad "possession -use - disposal "of land.  References: 1. Конституція України. – Київ, 1996. 2. Цивільний кодекс України від 16 січня 2003. 3. Земельний кодекс України від 25 жовтня 2001 р. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2768-14 4. Закон України «Про оренду землі» від 6 жовтня 1998 р. https://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/161-14 5. Цивільне право України. – Харитонов Є.О. https://westudents.com.ua/glavy/72853-4-dogovr-naymu-orendi-zemelno-dlyanki.html 6. Вiнник O. М. Гoспoдарськe правo : навч. пoсiбник / O. М. Вiнник. – Київ : Правoва єднiсть, 2009. – 766 с.; http://www.big-lib.com/book/42_Gospodarske_pravo 7. Сучасний англо-український юридичний словник : понад 75 тисяч англійських термінів і стійких словосполучень / уклад. Л. В. Мисик, І. В. Савка ; за наук. ред.                    В. Т. Нор. – Київ : Ін Юре, 2018. – 1350 с.   NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND. REFORMS OF WILLIAM  THE CONQUEROR AND HENRY II  Viktoriya Shpagina, student Borys Tyshchyk, Professor, Doctor of Law, Research supervisor Lily Kuznetsova, Associate Professor, PhD (Phylology)  Ivan Franko National University of Lviv  The actuality of the research. Norman raids on Europe in the late VII and early XI centuries were a powerful challenge to all that time European society. The Viking tribes were large. Their warriors were one of the smartest in Europe, and their maritime skill captured many shores. This course work is devoted to the study of the Norman conquest of England and its influence on the feudal development in England.  73  The aim of our work is to analyze the Norman conquest and its influence on the further development of England. Based on the aim of work, we have the following tasks: consideration of the causes of the Norman conquest and the first steps of William on the English throne; tracking the process of feudal land use and establishing a hierarchical management system; consideration of measures relating to the strengthening of the royal power; detection of change in the social and public order of England after the Norman conquest. The Norman conquest of England in 1066, the invasion of England by Norman feudal lords, headed by the Duke of Normandy William. The reason was the claims of Wilhelm to the English throne, based on kinship with the deceased in the beginning 1066 Anglo-Saxon King Edward the Confessor. In addition to the Norman Barons, the feudal lords and other areas of France also participated in the invasion. Having crossed the sailing ships of La-Mancha, the army of William on September 28 landed in the south of England. The decisive battle between the troops of William and the new King of Anglo-Saxon Harold took place on October 14 near Hastings. The result of the battle was decided by the Norman cavalry, which destroyed most of those who fought at the foot of the Anglo-Saxon. Harold lay in battle. On December 25, William was crowned the crown of the Anglo-Saxons. William's policy of the assailant contributed to the centralization of the state, even in the context of deepening in it of feudalization.  In 1086, in the country was held a census of the population, land, tools.  His materials consisted of the  «Domesday Book». In this census, an estimate was made of the size of land that in each county belonged personally to the king, as well as to other owners.  They fixed their area, clear boundaries, the number of livestock, the number of free and dependent peasants.  Also called the approximate cost of land and their profitability so that the king could know precisely the material resources, the ability of each feudal lord and therefore demand from them services and taxes.  The «Domesday Book» was of great significance in the further enslavement of the peasants: a significant number of free or half-liberals were entered into the book as dependent, that is, in the category of villas.[2,p.246] In the same 1086, all free citizens of England were forced to swear allegiance to the monarch ("to be faithful to the king against all people", and thus against their seniors).  If in continental Europe the principle of "the vassal of my vassal - not my vassal" prevailed, then in England the crown established a direct connection with the vassals (arjervasals) of their vassals.[2,p.248] William the Conqueror died in 1087. “Truly, he was a great sovereign: he was full of hope in order to start great enterprises, and full of courage to bring them to a successful end.  For most of his actions, he is worthy of praise and deserves pardon for everything.  It is a great honor for him that the kings who ruled England after him, without exception, considered him to be the ancestor of the order that was maintained in the country, and believed so not only because of his victories in England, but mainly out of respect for his virtues  and valor. "[1.p. 528]  74  After the death of William, his son William II began to rule the country and  continued the policy of his father. After him ruled Henry I. During his reign the strenght og the city and their population grew, the state of the middle class was formed.  Henry I (1100-1135) continued to strengthen the royal power: the royal council, which combines judicial, administrative and financial functions, began to play a bigger role. Henry I died without leaving the heirs. His daughter, Matilda, the wife of the French Count Anzhao Geoffroy Plantagenet, and nephew Stefan, began the struggle for the throne. Anarchy stopped  in 1153, Stefan became King, but it was agreed that after his death the throne will inherit the son of Matilda Henry Plantagenet. Already in 1154 he came to the throne under the name of Henry II (1154-1189), laying the beginning of a dynasty that rules until the end of the XIV century. Henry II Plantagenet (1154 - 1189) pacified feudal anarchy and organized a proper court, taking advantage of the old judicial customs of the Anglo-Saxon era.  He took away the judicial power from the feudal lords and handed it over to his officials, who made, however, only one investigation, and the cases were decided by a known number of local residents who took the oath that they would tell the truth.  Such was the beginning of the trial, the jury, preserved in England so far and transferred from there in o Henry II decided to get rid of dependence in the formation of the army from the militia of the barons.  He canceled the annual forty-day service for flax.  The military service of the knight was limited to a short period.  Over the remaining days, or the entire required service life, it was possible to make a monetary contribution - “shield money”.  The new tax allowed to collect the necessary for the maintenance of hired troops.  Paid "shield money" all free landowners. The reforms of Henry II led to the strengthening of the power of the king and contributed to the centralization of the Kingdom of England. Conclusion. William the Conqueror is a person who was able to conquer England in 1066. As a result of the conquest, a completed feudal system of land holdings and vassal ties was established. This system was largely transferred to England from Normandy. The feudal system in England was more perfect, since it was transposed in the finished form, than in France, where it developed in a natural way. [3,p.49] The reign of Henry II has a great importance for the history of England.  In the course of the struggle against the barons, the foundations of a strong central authority, central institutions, the court, the financial system, and the military system were reorganized.  England was relatively pacified; the borders with Scotland and Wales were strengthened.  Heinrich's continental possessions played a role, since they provided funds for centralizing politics in England.  This is obviously the reason for the stubbornness with which the Plantagenet's held onto this domain.    75  References: 1. Дуглас Д. Вильгельм Завоеватель. Викинг на английском престоле / Д. Дуглас. – 2005. – С. 527. 2. Тищик Б. Й. Історія держави і права заурбіжних краін (середні віки) /                      Б. Й. Тищик. – Львів, 2006. – С. 246, 248. 3. Штокмар В. В. История Англии в Средние века / В. В. Штокмар. –                       Санкт-Петербург, 2005. – С. 49. 4. Англо-український словник [Електронний ресурс] – Режим доступу до ресурсу: https://uk.glosbe.com/en/uk.   THEORIES OF THE ORIGIN OF THE EASTERN SLAVS  Oleh Stefura, student Liliana Shevchuk, Associate Profesor, PhD (Law), Scientific adviser Lily Kuznetsova, Associate Professor, PhD (Philology), Language consultant Lviv Ivan Franko National University  East Slavic tribes - a group of Slavic tribes, located on the territory of modern Ukraine, Belarus and Russia, whose ancestors were Anti and Dulibians (Volynians), they lived on the territory between the Carpathians, the Pripyat and the Middle Dnieper. The term "Slavs" most definitely comes from the name of one of the tribes (Slovenians). And the main state education at that time was Kiyvan Rus. Kiyvan Rus existed from VII - the first half of the XIII centuries.  Due to the fact that the center of the East-Slavic state for many centuries was Kiev, in historical literature, Rus received the name "Kiyvan Rus". The very term Kiyvan Rus is of a book origin and originates not from sources but from the pages of historical works of the first half of the XIX century. The problem of the origin of Kiyvan Rus has long been of interest to researchers. Scientists can not reach a unanimous opinion on this issue, therefore, a number of concepts emerged devoted to him. Theories of the origin of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs can be divided into two groups: 1) General: - Patriarchal Theory (Aristotle, R. Filmer, N. Mikhailovsky,                            M. Pokrovsky). According to this theory, the state comes from the patriarchal family, as a result of its expansion: the family - a set of families (the village) - a set of settlements (state). - The Theological Theory (Thomas Aquinas, Petro Mohyla) is based on the idea of divine creation of the state in order to realize the common good. - Contractual (natural-legal) theory (G. Grotius, B. Spinoza, J. Kozelsky, I. Kant). This theory is based on the idea of the state of origin as a result of an agreement (treaty) as an act of reasonable will of people.  The unification of people into a unified state union is seen as a natural demand for the preservation of the human race and for ensuring justice, freedom and order. 

NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND. REFORMS OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR AND HENRY II

http://eprints.kname.edu.ua/53266/1/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%201-6%281%29-72-75.pdf

NORMAN CONQUEST OF ENGLAND. REFORMS OF WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR AND HENRY II

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