A Study aimed to explore cyanobacteria on pneumatophore Avicennia marina was conducted on September 2013 in mangrove ecosystem of Cagar Alam Pulau Dua (CAPD) Serang, Banten. Sampling was assessed a long a transect line at two stations. Physico-chemical parameters of both stations, including temperature, salinity, pH, nitrate, dan phosphate were measured. Epyphitic cyanobacteria sample were collected from nine pneumatophores of Avicennia marina at each station.  The samples were scraped from cortex of pneumatophore and isolated on solid ASN-III medium incubated at 25 oC under light intensity of < 500 lux for 14 days. The result showed that a total of 9 genera of cyanobacteria; Choococcus, Aphanothece, Aphanocapsa, Myxosarcina, Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Lyngbya, Phormodium, and Calothrix were observed. They are belonging to 4 order, Choococcales, Pleurocapsales, and Oscillatoriales which were non-heterocystous cyanobacteria order and one heterocystous order of Nostocales

Rida Oktorida, Khastini

Siti Gia Syauqiyah, Fitri

Tika Khusnul, Fatimahsari

Lumbung Pustaka UNY  (UNY Repository)

  Proceeding of  International Conference On Research, Implementation And Education  Of Mathematics And Sciences 2014, Yogyakarta State University, 18-20 May 2014     B- 177   EPYPHITIC CYANOBACTERIA ON Avicennia marina PNEUMATOPHORE  IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF CAGAR ALAM PULAU DUA (CAPD) SERANG, BANTEN  Tika Khusnul Fatimahsari, Siti Gia Syauqiyah Fitri, Rida Oktorida Khastini  Biology Education of Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University  Abstract  A Study aimed to explore cyanobacteria on pneumatophore Avicennia marina was conducted on September 2013 in mangrove ecosystem of Cagar Alam Pulau Dua (CAPD) Serang, Banten. Sampling was assessed a long a transect line at two stations. Physico-chemical parameters of both stations, including temperature, salinity, pH, nitrate, dan phosphate were measured. Epyphitic cyanobacteria sample were collected from nine pneumatophores of Avicennia marina at each station.  The samples were scraped from cortex of pneumatophore and isolated on solid ASN-III medium incubated at 25 oC under light intensity of < 500 lux for 14 days. The result showed that a total of 9 genera of cyanobacteria; Choococcus, Aphanothece, Aphanocapsa, Myxosarcina, Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Lyngbya, Phormodium, and Calothrix were observed. They are belonging to 4 order, Choococcales, Pleurocapsales, and Oscillatoriales which were non-heterocystous cyanobacteria order and one heterocystous order of Nostocales.     Key words:  Avicennia marina, cyanobacteria, Cagar Alam Pulau Dua (CAPD), mangrove  ecosystem, pneumatophore.  INTRODUCTION Mangrove is one of the very productive coastal ecosystem. Ecologically, mangrove provides a nutrient-rich habitat for many organisms (Kathiresan & Bingham, 2001). One of organism that play role as nutrient provider in mangrove ecosystem is cyanobacteria. Some of them can act as N2-fixation and provide nitrogen in mangrove ecosystem. Furthermore, cyanobacteria is photosynthetic bacteria, so they are play role in the carbon and oxygen cycle in mangrove ecosystem (Sahoo & Dhal, 2009). Cyanobacteria in mangrove ecosystem has been fully explored. Cyanobacteria can be found as planktonic in waters (Joseph, 2005; Nedumaran et al., 2008), as a benthic in sediments (Kyaruzi et al., 2003; Silambarasan et al., 2012), and epyphitic in aerial roots of mangroves (Nedumaran et al., 2008; Pérez-Estrada et al., 2012; Toledo et al., 1995). Nedumaran et al. (2008) reported that cyanobacteria more found on pneumatophore Avicennia than other mangrove roots. Cagar Alam Pulau Dua (CAPD) is the only protected mangrove area in Serang, Banten. So far, the existence of cyanobacteria in CAPD has been not explored yet, wheareas the exploration of cyanobacteria, such as their diversity and potensials is necessary. Therefore, in our study was aimed to explore cyanobacteria on pneumatophore Avicennia marina, which was dominant plant in mangrove ecosystem CAPD.  B -24 Tika K F, Siti G S F, Rida O K/ Epyphitic Cyanobacteria On Avicennia                ISBN978-979-99314-8-1  B- 178  RESEARCH METHOD  Sample site and Pneumatophore collection Cyanobacteria samples were collected from submerged pneumatophores of Avicennia marina at two stations, station I (Lat. 6o1’6.6’’- 6o00’63.81’’ S; Long. 106o11’42.41’’- 106o11’47.9’’ E) and station II (Lat. 6o1’00.11” - 6o00’57.99’’ S; Long. 106o11’30.77”- 106o11’33.27” E) of CAPD (Fig. 1). At each sampling station, nine pneumatophores were collected randomly by cutting the root with cutter, 3 cm below the sediment (Toledo et al., 1995).                        Physico-chemical parameters Physico-chemical, such as temperature (air and surface water) and salinity were measured in situ wheares pH, nitrate, and phospate were measured ex situ. The collected surface water sample for measurement of pH, nitrate, and phospate tranferred to the laboratory use bottle from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and keep at 0-4oC in ice box. Air temperature was measured by higrometer, wheares temperature of the surface water was measured by thermometer. The salinity was measured by refractometer (Boeco). The pH, nitrate, and phospate were measured by Hanna Hanna Instrument (HI 83203 Multiparameter Bench Photometer for Aquaculture). Isolation and identification cyanobacteria Pneumatophore was divided into three segments, the lowest part was up to 3 cm from the sediment surface, the middle part was up to 10 cm, and the highest part was up rest (Toledo et al., 1995), expected there are difference in each section. Each section of pneumatophore were scrapped with a cutter and diluted in sterile aquades. 0,5 mL of the diluent was inoculated on solid ASN-III medium. The medium composition was 25 g NaCl L-1;  2 g MgCl2.6H2O L-1; 0,75 g NaNO3 L-1; 0,02 g K2HPO4.3H2O L-1; 3,5 g MgSO4.7H2O L-1; 0,5 g CaCl2.2H2O L-1; 0,0003 g citric acid L-1; 0,003 g ferric ammonium citrate L-1; 0,0005 g EDTA (disodium magnesium salt) L-1; 0,02 g Na2CO3 L-1; trace metal mix A5+Co (2,86 g H3BO3 L-1;  1,81 g MnCl2.4H2O L-1;  0,222 g ZnSO4.7H2O L-1; 0,390 g Na2MoO4.2H2O L-1; 0,079 g CuSO4. 5H2O L-1; 0,0494 g Co(NO3)2.6H2O L-1) mL-1; 1000 mL deionized water dengan pH 7,5 Figure 1. Map showing station I and  station II in CAPD CAPD Station I Station II N   Proceeding of  International Conference On Research, Implementation And Education  Of Mathematics And Sciences 2014, Yogyakarta State University, 18-20 May 2014     B- 179  (Rippka et al. 1979). To isolation cyanobacteria used speading plate method. The culture was incubated at 25 oC under continue illumination < 500 lux for 14 days. Identification of cyanobacteria was done using taxonomic according Prescott (1951) and Rippka et al. (1979).  RESULT AND DISCUSSION  The detailed of the physico-chemical parameters in CAPD can be seen in Table 1. The air temperature ranged between 31-35 oC in CAPD, wheares temperature of surface water ranged between 27-33 oC. CAPD is hypersaline environment with salinity levels 39-53o/oo. CAPD environment have pH acid to slightly alkaline (6,5-7,2). The concentration of nitrate and phospate were 30,8-69,3 mg/L and 4,5-7,7 mg/L.  Tabel 1. Physico-chemical parameters of mangrove ecosystem CAPD Parameters Station I II Air temperature (oC) 31-32 32-35 Surface water temperature (oC) 27-28 28-33 Salinity (o/oo) 39-40 49-53 pH  6,5-6,9 6,5-7,2 Nitrate (mg/L) 30,8-41,8 62,8-69,3 Phospate (mg/L) 4,5-4,6 6,4-7,7  Totally 9 genera epiphytic were recorded from both stations (Table 2), namely Chroococcus, Aphanothece, Aphanocapsa, Myxosarcina, Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Lyngbya, Phormidium, and Calothrix. They were belongs to 4 order, namely Chroococcales, Pleurocapsales, Oscillatoriales, and Nostocales. Chroococcales and Pleurocapsales were colonial, wheares Oscillatoriales and Nostocales were filamentous cyanobacteria. Oscillatoriales were the most widely found in CAPD. Genera which includ the order such as Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Lyngbya, and Phormidium.Similar results were also found in same of the mangrove ecosystem in India (Nedumaran et al., 2008; Silambarasan et al., 2012; Sakthivel & Kathiresan, 2013). Table 2. List of cyanobacteria were recorded from pneumatophore A. marina at CAPD *Divided of pneumatophores (A = top part, T =middle part, B =bottom part)  Order Genera Station I II A T B A T B Chroococcales Chroococcus  - - - -  Aphanothece    - - - Aphanocapsa - - - - -  Pleurocapsales Myxosarcina   - -   Oscillatoriales Oscillatoria       Microcoleus -  - - - - Lyngbya   - -   Phormidium   - - - - Nostocales Calothrix - - -    Tika K F, Siti G S F, Rida O K/ Epyphitic Cyanobacteria On Avicennia                ISBN978-979-99314-8-1  B- 180  The composition of the sianobakteria at the station I and II are relatively same. It can be caused by appropriate environment in CAPD which supported the growth of cyanobacteria. The optimum growth of canobacteria occured at 25-35 oC (Reynolds, 2006). In general, cyanobacteria were found abundantly in environments with the pH 6,5-8,5 (Joseph, 2005). Cyanobacteria were widespread in fresh waters until hypersaline. In this present study, only one heterocytous genera was found, viz. Calothrix (Table 2). The results also reported by Sugumar et al. (2011) that explore cyanobacteria in hypersaline environment, Tamilnadu, India. Hypersaline environment  has a high sulphide content (Sakthievel dan Kathiresan, 2013), and its can inhibit the enzyme nitrogenase activity in heterocystous. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. Figure 3. a-b: Chroococcus, c: Aphanothece,   d: Aphanocapsa, e: Myxosarcina,    f-l: Oscillatoria, m: Microcoleus,  n: Lyngbya, o: Phormidium, p: Calothrix  Scale bar = 20 m  Proceeding of  International Conference On Research, Implementation And Education  Of Mathematics And Sciences 2014, Yogyakarta State University, 18-20 May 2014  B- 181                   In this study, each section of pneumatophore was not dominated by spesific cyanobacteria. Toledo et al. (1995) used the same methode and reported that existence of a difference cyanobacteria which dominate in each section of pneumatophore. The upper part was colonized by Aphanothece sp., the central part was colonized by Microcoleus sp., and the bottom part was colonized by Lyngbya sp. and Oscillatoria sp. The difference is probably caused by environmental condition and vegetation of mangrove which used as a sample. In this study using pneumatophore of A. marina, wheares Toledo et al. (1995) using pneumatophore of A. germinans. Zonation of microorganism on pneumatophore is a response to different microenvironmental (Toledo et al., 1995).  CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION  A totally 9 genera epypithic cyanobacteria have been founded on pneumatophore of Avicennia marina in CAPD, namely Chroococcus, Aphanothece, Aphanocapsa, Myxosarcina, Oscillatoria, Microcoleus, Lyngbya, Phormidium, and Calothrix. Growth of their influenced by phyco-chemical factors such us temperature, salinity, pH, nitrate, and phosphate at these habitat. In the present study, identification is only morphologically. For further research, the identification required by ultrastructur, biochemistry, and molecular. In adittion, identification should be done to species.  REFERENCES  Joseph, S. 2005. Ecological and biochemical studies on cyanobacteria of cochin estuary and their application as source of antioxidants. Thesis. Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi- India. Kathiresan, K. & B. L. Bingham. 2001. Biology of mangroves and mangrove ecosystems. Advances in marine biology. 40: 81--251. Kyaruzi, J. J., M.S. Kyewalyanga & M.H.S. Muruke. 2003. Cyanobacteria composition and impact of seasonality on their in situ nitrogen fixation rate in a mangrove ecosystem adjacent to Zanzibar Town. Western Indian ocean J. Mar. Sci.  2(1): 35--44. 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EPYPHITIC CYANOBACTERIA ON Avicennia marina PNEUMATOPHORE IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF CAGAR ALAM PULAU DUA (CAPD) SERANG, BANTEN

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