Knight-Jones, Theodore J.D.

Kumsa, Bersissa

Mekonnen, Merfin

Terefe, Getachew

CGSpace

iReport of  training workshop on the diagnosis and control of  gastro-intestinal parasites and coenurosis in small ruminants and dogsMesfin Mekonnen1, Getachew Terefe2, Bersissa Kumsa2 and Theodore Knight – Jones11  International Livestock Research Institute2  Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary MedicineNovember 2021iiCGIAR is a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food-secure future. The CGIAR Research Program on Livestock provides research-based solutions to help smallholder farmers, pastoralists and agro-pastoralists transition to sustainable, resilient livelihoods and to productive enterprises that will help feed future generations. It aims to increase the productivity and profitability of  livestock agri-food systems in sustainable ways, making meat, milk and eggs more available and affordable across the developing world. The Program brings together five core partners: the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) with a mandate on livestock; the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), which works on forages; the International Center for Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), which works on small ruminants and dryland systems; the Swedish University of  Agricultural Sciences (SLU) with expertise particularly in animal health and genetics and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) which connects research into development and innovation and scaling processes.©2021The Program thanks all donors and organizations which globally support its work through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust FundThis publication is copyrighted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI). It is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence. To view this licence, visit  https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. Unless otherwise noted, you are free to share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format), adapt (remix, transform, and build upon the material) for any purpose, even commercially, under the following conditions: ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed, but not in any way that suggests endorsement by ILRI or the author(s).NOTICE:For any reuse or distribution, the licence terms of  this work must be made clear to others. Any of  the above conditions can be waived if  permission is obtained from the copyright holder. Nothing in this licence impairs or restricts the author’s moral rights. Fair dealing and other rights are in no way affected by the above. The parts used must not misrepresent the meaning of  the publication.  ILRI would appreciate being sent a copy of  any materials in which text, photos etc. have been used.Cover photo:Mesfin Mekonnen (ILRI)Citation: Mekonnen, M., Terefe, G., Kumsa, B. and Knight–Jones, T. 2021. Report of  training workshop on the diagnosis and control of  gastro-intestinal parasites and coenurosis in small ruminants and dogs. Nairobi, Kenya: ILRI.Patron: Professor Peter C Doherty AC, FAA, FRS Animal scientist, Nobel Prize Laureate for Physiology or Medicine–1996Box 30709, Nairobi 00100 Kenya Phone  +254 20 422 3000 Fax      +254 20 422 3001 Email ilri-kenya@cgiar.orgilri.org better lives through livestock  ILRI is a CGIAR research centreBox 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Phone +251 11 617 2000 Fax +251 11 667 6923 Email ilri-ethiopia@cgiar.org ILRI has offices in East Africa • South Asia • Southeast and East Asia • Southern Africa • West AfricaiiiContentsExecutive summary           1Introduction            2Opening address           3Introductions of  the participants and training        4Training objectives and approach         5Pre-training assessment           6Laboratory practical sessions          7Post-training knowledge and skills self-assessment       8Pictures from the training          8Closing remarks and future plans         9References            10Annexes            11 Annexe 1. Training agenda         11 Annex 2. List of  participants         131Executive summaryGastrointestinal tract (GIT) parasite infections and coenurosis are a major health challenge affecting production and productivity of  small ruminants in Ethiopia. The control of  GIT parasites is a central part of  small ruminant health management strategy. For controlling the GIT parasites and coenurosis, examination and diagnosis of  infested animals is needed. The training by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine was delivered to national research partners from 26–30 July 2021 to increase their knowledge on diagnosis and control of  GIT parasites and coenurosis. Eight researchers and laboratory assistants from partner agricultural research institutes were trained on the theory and laboratory practical parts of  diagnosis and control of  GIT parasites and coenurosis in small ruminants. At the end of  the training, the researchers agreed to apply the training on the planned small ruminants’ gastrointestinal parasites and coenurosis control programs which is one of  the main plans of  the SmaRT Pack project of  CGIAR Research Program on Livestock. 2IntroductionGastrointestinal parasites pose a significant threat to animal production and productivity. They are a world-wide problem for both small- and large-scale farmers, but their impact is greater in sub-Saharan Africa in general and Ethiopia in particular due to a wide range of  agro-ecological factors suitable for various hosts and parasite species. Management of  parasites, gastrointestinal worms in particular, is often a primary animal health issue for many livestock-keepers. Parasite control should form a central part of  every small ruminant health management strategy in order to mitigate its effect on production and welfare. Given the seasonality of  helminth infection in Ethiopia, strategic use of  anthelmintics is required.Coenurosis (gid or sturdy), a fatal disease of  sheep caused by the larval stages of  Taenia multiceps, causes a serious impact on small ruminant production. The clinical signs are variable and may be confused with other neurological conditions. The case fatality rate is 100% (Ahmed and Ali 1972). Njau et al. (1988) reported 5% annual mortality of  sheep in the Ethiopian highlands due to coenurosis.In controlling gastrointestinal parasite infections and coenurosis in specific value chain sites, ILRI has been working with national agricultural research institutes in Ethiopia. The national research institutes coordinate with ILRI to implement animal health prevention and control activities planned by the SmaRT Pack project, which works on the integrated interventions including the control of  gastrointestinal parasites to transform small ruminants sector in community-based breeding program (CBBP) sites of  Ethiopia. The partners research centres have conducted deworming campaigns with diagnosis of  parasitic infections in Menz, Doyogena, Bonga and Abergelle CBBP sites in the support of  CGIAR Research Program on Livestock (CRP Livestock). However, there was a gap in the knowledge of  the researchers and laboratory assistants on diagnosis of  GIT parasites and coenurosis. For the diagnosis and control of  GIT parasites and coenurosis, ILRI’s long-time partner, the Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine; collaborated in delivering training to researchers and laboratory assistants from the national research centres with the objective of  developing the capacity of  national researchers and laboratory assistants on the diagnosis and control of  gastrointestinal parasites and coenurosis. Due to this training, the implementation and scaling up of  gastrointestinal and coenurosis control programs will be improved, which will also increase the production and productivity of  small ruminants.3Opening addressThe opening speech was done by Hika Waktole, the dean of  College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University (AAU). He addressed the importance of  the collaborative work of  his college with different international organizations. He also noted that ILRI has been doing various activities in collaboration with AAU. Additionally, he mentioned that the trainees were lucky that the two experienced veterinary parasitology professors at the college delivered the training. Lastly, he welcomed all the training participants and wished them a happy time and stay at the beautiful city, Bishoftu, and College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine.After the welcome and opening speech by the dean of  the college, the general overview of  the CRP Livestock-funded SmaRT Pack Ethiopia country project was presented by Mesfin Mekonnen, a research associate at ILRI. The integrated animal health activities planned for different community-based breeding program sites, the status of  activities, gaps and challenges of  interventions and data collection and future directions were also presented by the ILRI representative.4Introductions of  the participants and trainingAfter the opening speech and presentation about the project, all the training participants introduced themselves, the place of  their work and their role. Then the leader of  training, Professor Getachew Terefe, introduced the training sessions and the schedule for the five-day training. According to the plan, the training module had two parts: the first session was on theory on the helminth parasites of  small ruminants and helminth parasites of  dogs (emphasis on cestodes) for which forty per cent of  the time was allocated while the second part was the practical demonstration session constituting sixty per cent of  the time allocated for laboratory practice on sampling, processing and identification of  parasites from live and dead animals.5Training objectives and approachThe intention of  the training was to provide hands-on training on the diagnosis of  helminth parasitism in small ruminants and dogs and recap some control methods for GIT parasites of  small ruminants. The training was initiated to equip the trainees with the following knowledge and skills.• Differentiation of  the different genera of  helminths of  sheep and goats morphologically• Description of  the different genera of  cestode parasites affecting dogs morphologically• Collection, transportation and preservation of  sheep and goats faecal samples• Restraining of  stray and owned dogs for sampling• Collection, transportation and preservation of  dog faecal samples• Processing of  faecal samples and microscopic examination • Parasitological techniques to process faecal samples for microscopy• Identification of  different genera of  helminths at different stages (egg, larvae and adult)• Faecal culturing, larvae recovery and identification• Adult worms recovery from abomasum, intestine, liver and lungs and quantification of  wormsThe training workshop covered the following topics:• The classifications of  helminth parasites of  small ruminants and dogs• Collection of  faecal samples• Laboratory methods for helminth parasite detection, identification and quantification• Morphological description of  eggs, larvae and adult of  gastrointestinal nematodes, flukes, lungworms• Preservation of  eggs, larvae and adult worms• Coccidia affecting sheep and goats• Parasites of  dogs• Practical laboratory sessionsThe learning approach was participatory. The trainees discussed the content and then the trainers made their presentations using PowerPoints. At the end of  each day’s training, the trainees each gave comments and suggestions for the next training sessions. In the morning of  next sessions, the participants reviewed in a group the training from the day before, the content they covered, the new things they learned and what impressed them most. Then they selected one person from each group to present in plenary.6Pre-training assessmentBefore the start of  the training workshop, participants were given a quiz containing 20 questions to access their knowledge and skills in the prepared content of  training. In this exam, the trainees got nine points on average out of  20 points. This showed that there was a huge gap in the knowledge and skills in the trainees about the content of  the training. 7Laboratory practical sessionsThree days were allocated for the practical laboratory sessions. In these sessions the trainees were engaged and actively participated in different laboratory activities. The trainers divided the trainees into four groups (each group contained two participants), which were given different laboratory procedures to conduct and present to the other groups. There was great competition between groups to conduct the procedures and present to other groups. The laboratory technicians of  the college were following the groups and guiding each group on procedure and materials.8Post-training knowledge and skills self-assessmentAt the end of  the training, post-training assessment was done by giving similar questions as in the pre-training assessment to check if  the learning objectives were achieved. The training improved the knowledge and skills of  the participants, which was evident by the result of  post-training assessment. The trainees got 16 points out of  20 points.Pictures from the traininga)     b)   c)           d)     Fig. a) Trainees practicing laboratory part of  the training; b) The group assignment for the presentation; c) Trainees practicing the faecal sample collection from the dogs; d) Examining the sheep head for Coenurus cerebralis. Photo credit: Mesfin Mekonnen (ILRI)9Closing remarks and future plansAt the end of  the five-day training, Hika Waktole, the dean of  College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Addis Ababa University, congratulated the participants on completing the planned training sessions. He acknowledged the college professors (i.e. Professor Getachew and Professor Bersissa) who coordinated the training. Lastly, he thanked the trainees for following the sessions attentively and punctually. The researchers acknowledged ILRI and Addis Ababa University College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine for organizing and delivering the training, which motivated them for the future research and intervention plans. Finally, the researchers agreed to apply the training on the planned diagnosis and control of  gastrointestinal parasites and coenurosis of  sheep and goats, which is the core plan of  SmaRT Pack project of  CRP Livestock.10ReferencesAhmed, S. and Ali, L. 1972. Incidence of  coenurosis in Bangladesh goat. Indian Veterinary Journal 49: 1172 – 1175.Njau, B.C., Kasali, O.B., Scholtena, R.G. and Mesfin, D. 1988. Review of  sheep mortality in Ethiopian highlands (ILCA Bulletin No. 31, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), 19-22.11AnnexesAnnexe 1. Training agendaPart Lectures Description Time allocated for lecturesI Introduction 1.     CoVID-19 prevention rules 2.     Gastrointestinal parasitism 3.     Classification of  helminth parasites of  small ruminants and dogs Day 1II Laboratory techniques 1.     Taking faecal samples and transportation of  samples 2.     Laboratory methods for helminth parasite detection, identification          and quantification • Direct faecal examination techniques• Floatation techniques• Sedimentation technique  • Faecal culturing and larval recovery techniques• Post-mortem recovery of  adult worms from abomasum, intestine, liver, lungs3.     Preservation/storage of  eggs, larvae and adult worms III Helminth parasites of  sheep and goats 1.     Morphological description of  eggs, larvae and adult GIT nematodes 2.     Morphological description of  eggs, larvae and adult flukes3.     Morphological description of  eggs, larvae and adult lungworms4.     Treatment and integrated management of  helminth parasitism Day 1IV Coccidia affecting sheep and goats • Classification of  coccidian parasites of  small ruminants• Morphological description of  coccidian of  small ruminants Day 2 V Dog parasites 1.     Dog cestodes • Safety procedures and restraining dogs • Transmission and lifecycle • Morphological description of  dog cestode parasites • Taking faecal samples from dogs• Recovering eggs and segments of  cestodes from dogs Day 2j2.     Dog Nematodes • Transmission and lifecycle • Morphological descriptionDay 2Part Lab practice Description Time allocated for practical demonstration and practice12Part Lectures Description Time allocated for lecturesI Laboratory techniques for helminth parasites of  sheep and goatsTaking faecal samples and transportation of  samplesDemonstrate and practice Laboratory methods for helminth parasite detection, identification and quantification Direct faecal examination techniquesFloatation techniquesSedimentation technique  Faecal culturing and larval recovery techniquesExamination and interpretation of  resultsDay 3Post-mortem worm recovery from stomach and intestinePost-mortem worm recovery from the liverPost-mortem worm recovery from the lungsPreservation/storage of  eggs, larvae and adult wormsDay 4Practice Laboratory Identification of  eggs and larvae of  abomasal and intestinal wormsPractice Laboratory Identification of  eggs and larvae of  lungwormsPractice Laboratory Identification of  eggs of  flukesDay 4II Coccidia of  sheep and goats Laboratory diagnosis of  coccidiosis in small ruminants Demonstration parallel to the faecal examination for helminths III Dog parasites Cestodes Practice dog restraining and safe faecal sampling from dogs Identify cestode eggs and segments Examining sheep head for coenurosisDay 5Nematodes Laboratory Identification of  eggs and larvaePost-mortem recovery of  worms  Demonstration parallel to the faecal examination for helminths13Annex 2. List of  participants1. Tesfalem Nana – Areka Agricultural Research Center2. Tesfaye Fatalo – Areka Agricultural Research Center3. Asret Arke – Bonga Agricultural Research Center4. Nahom Belay – Bonga Agricultural Research Center5. Firdawok Ayele – Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center6. Yeshitila Wondyifrah – Debre Birhan Agricultural Research Center7. Abebe Tibebu – Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center8. Adane Bahiru – Sekota Dryland Agricultural Research Center9. Mesfin Mekonnen – International Livestock Research Institute10. Prof  Getachew Terefe – Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine11. Prof  Bersissa Kumsa - Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine12. Gebeyehu Alkadir - Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine13. Tadesse Negash - Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine14. Tigist Gizachew - Addis Ababa University, College of  Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

Report of training workshop on the diagnosis and control of gastro-intestinal parasites and coenurosis in small ruminants and dogs

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Report of training workshop on the diagnosis and control of gastro-intestinal parasites and coenurosis in small ruminants and dogs

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