To describe and understand the economic inequality in a given society, it is necessary to understand intra-household inequality. This chapter gives an overview of within-household distributions in different settings, both between the adults and also between adults and children. It documents that there are substantial inequalities within households in some contexts and that these often, but not always, disfavor women and children.
The chapter also discusses the importance of intra-household allocations for poverty and inequality measurement. Methods that assign each household member a per-adult share of household consumption lead to underestimation of inequalities and misclassification of poverty. In comparison, structural models seem to do better in predicting individual poverty when disaggregated data on allocation within households are not available.
Main determinants of power in household decision-making are also discussed, and relatedly, so are two important policy questions: Are targeted transfers to women good for female empowerment? And, are targeted transfers to mothers good for child outcomes? The empirical evidence is clearly pointing to targeting being beneficial for female empowerment, but the evidence is less clear when it comes to child outcomes
