日本英語学会第27回大会　2009年11月15日　於大阪大学　シンポジウム"Experimental Syntax: What We Can Expect, and What We Cannot.

Fujita, Koji

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Title Experimental Syntax for Biolinguistics?Author(s)Fujita, KojiCitation (2009)Issue Date2009-11-15URL http://hdl.handle.net/2433/87611Rightc Koji FujitaType PresentationTextversionpublisherKyoto UniversityExperimental Syntaxfor Biolinguistics?Koji FujitaKyoto UniversityBiolinguistics:Naturalization, or biologization, of human language faculty (biosyntax, biosemantics, etc.)DesignDevelopmentEvolution12Language evolution (and development) boils down to the emergence of:Recursive Unbounded MergeInterfacesLexiconcf. FLN / FLB dichotomyReal-time Grammar (Phillips' theses):Human language is "implementation dependent."Grammar is a real-time structure building system.Derivation proceeds mostly from left (top) to right (bottom).C. Phillips & S. Lewis. Derivational order in syntax: Evidence and architectural consequences.34                TP         3John        3                T                 VP                             3                    John        3                                   saw       the girlFLB?FLN?Mismatch between derivations and Phylogeny/ontogeny?Major Issues:Mismatch between Theoretical and Psycho-/Neuro-LinguisticsLack of Comparative MethodsModularity as an end result of evolution & development56Grammar = Parser?CompetenceWhat a cognitive system could achieve with unbounded resourcesPerformanceWhat it can achieve when it is subject to real-life resource limitationsC. Phillips & M. Wagers. Relating structure and time in linguistics and psycholinguistics. Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics.Unbounded Merge"… unbounded Merge is not only a genetically determined property of language, but also unique to it.""… for both evolution and development, there seems to be little reason to suppose that there were precursors to unbounded Merge."- N. Chomsky78Pirahã: A Language without Recursion?ti gái -sai         kó'oi   hi  kaháp -iíI  say-old.info    Kó'oi     he  leave-intention'I say. Kó'oi will leave.'  (parataxis)D. L. Everett. 2005. Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã. Current Anthropology 46."Recursion is a theoretical artifact."D. Bickerton 2009. Recursion: Core of complexity or artifact of analysis. In T. Govón &. M. Shibatani eds. Syntactic Complexity: Diachrony, Acquisition, Neuro-cognition, Evolution. John Benjamins.Recursive Merge: Merge applies to its own output.910Unbounded, recursive Merge: CompetenceCross-linguistic variations: Performance"... the speakers of this language aren't making use of a capacity that they surely have, a normal situation; plenty of people throughout history would drown if they fall into water. Nothing much follows except for a question as to why they haven't made use of these capacities." N. Chomsky 2008. Human nature and the origins of language. Radical Anthropology 2."Working memory capacity may ... both enable and constrain syntactic complexity."D. M. Tucker et al. 2009. Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity.Does a theory of recurisve Merge have to formulate WM limitations?maximum number of a verb's arguments, center-embedded relative clauses, multiple possessives, etc.1112Recursive Merge:Core Merge: (!, β) → {!, β}Label: {!, β}→ {γ, {!, β}}, where γ=! or β  2!           β      γ   2     !          βLabel = Move = MergeExternal Merge: {!, β}→ {γ, {!, β}}, where γis external to ! and βInternal Merge: {!, β}→ {γ, {!, β}}, where γis internal to ! or βLabel: {!, β}→ {γ, {!, β}}, where γis ! or βLabel = strictly localized version of Internal Merge (Move)1314 Local Label         α             2 γ            α             2         α            β→Endocentricity Nonlocal Label  No Label           (δ)             2 γ            α             2         α            β→ExocentricityR. Tincoff and M. D. Hauser. 2006. Cognitive basis for language evolution in nonhuman primates. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. 2nd ed.1516Finite State Grammar ((AB)N): Ventral Premotor Cortex (vPMC, BA6) & Deep Frontal Operculum (FO)Phrase Structure Grammar (AnBn): BA44/45 (Broca's Area) & Posterior Part of Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG)vPMC/FO phylogenetically older than Broca's AreaTwo Neuronal Circuits for Processing Syntactic ComplexityA. D. Friederici & J. Brauer. 2009. Syntaxtic complexity in the brain.Proto-Language to Full LanguageSMSystemC-ISystemNon-RecursiveSyntaxRecursiveSyntax1718Syntaxas a single computational moduleas a set of distinct computational modules"Once you have Merge, you have Move, too."(Core) Merge and Move are subserved by different brain areas.(Core) Merge is phylogenetically older than Move.1920Y. Grodzinsky & A.D. Friederici. 2006. Neuroimaging of syntax and syntactic processing. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 16.Core MergeRecursive MergeAction SyntaxExaptive Evolution of Recursive Merge2122Distinct neural substrates for verbal and nominal morphosyntaxV: fronto-parietal circuitN: fronto-temporal circuitCategory-Specific Deficits: Noun-Verb DissociationsA. Caramazza & K. Shapiro. 2004. The representation of grammatical knowledge in the brain.Frontal cortex implicated in all (regular and irregular) morphosyntactic processes (contra Ullman et al.) The lexicon need not be divided into grammatical categories.(1)  Mary talked to Bill, but Suzy will not (talk to Bill).talked = TALK + ED(2)  Mary wrote to Bill, but Suzy will not (write to Bill).wrote = WRITE + ED2324Distinct neural mechanism for lexical and syntactic causatives in JapaneseT. Itoh et al. 2007.(1)  LC: John-ni TV-wo miseru (show) (2)  SC: John-ni TV-wo misaseru (let watch)Distinct neural circuits do not justify distinct theoretical modules, but call for a more elaborate theory of the design, development and evolution of a single module.2526Y. Kovas & R. Plomin 2006. Generalist genes: implications for the cognitive sciences. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10.Modular Architecture of the Mind"Descent-with-modification modularity" (as opposed to "sui generis modularity") "current cognitive modules ... shaped by evolutionary changes from ancestral cognitive modules."G. F. Marcus. 2006. Cognition 101.2728"Evolution has recruited for language purposes brain structures that performed other functions in non-human primates."   - T. W. Deacon"Language can be viewed as a new machine that evolved initially in the service of completely different functions." - E. BatesThree phases for the evolution of the mindS. Mithen 1988. The Prehistory of the Mind.General IntelligenceLinguistic IntelligenceSocial IntelligenceNatural History IntelligenceTechnical Intelligence2930Tools and Language: Action to SyntaxBroca's area: common neural substrate for hierarchical organization in action and languageP. Greenfield 1991.Mirror neurons: for goal-directed manual action and languageP. Greenfield 2006.3132hammer nut anvilMerge (Nut, Anvil) → {Nut, Anvil}Merge (Hammer, {Nut, Anvil}) →       {Hammer, {Nut, Anvil}}I.  Pairing Strategy       2   the        boy3334II.  Pot StrategyPot-Merge:                     3              John      3                                saw             MarySubassembly StrategySub-Merge:                     3               2       2            the    boy saw   Mary3536Action SyntaxProto-languagenon-recursive  (iterative) Core MergeAction Syntax                 Subassembly StrategyProto-languageCore MergeFull Human LanguageRecursive Sub-Merge3738Four Key Ingredients of "Humaniqueness"Generative ComputationPromiscuous Combination of IdeasMental SymbolsAbstract Thought"... a critical step in acquiring our own distinctive brand of thinking was not the evolution of recursion as a novel form of computation but the release of recursion from its motor prison to other domains of thought."M. Hauser 2009. Origin of the mind. Scientific American. Sept. 2009.The transitions from domain-general to domain-specific, and vice versaFrom Core Merge to Recursive Sub-MergeExperimental Syntax for Biolinguistics needs a cross-modular comparative method.3940References Arbib, M. A. 2003. The evolving mirror system: A neural basis for language readiness. In M. H. Christiansen & S. Kirby eds. Language Evolution. OUP.Berwick, R. & N. Chomsky. to appear. The biolinguistic program: The current state of its evolution and development. Biolinguistic Investigations. MIT Press.Bickerton, D. 2009. Recursion: Core of complexity or artifact of analysis? In T. Givón & M. Shibatani eds. Syntactic Complexity. John Benjamins.Boeckx, C. 2009. The nature of merge: Consequences for language, mind, and biology. In M. Piattellli-Palmarini et al. eds. Of Minds & Language. OUP. Caramazza, A. & K. Shapiro. 2004. The representation of grammatical knowledge in the brain. In L. Jenkins ed. Variation and Universals in Biolinguistics. Elsevier.Chomsky, N. 2005. Three factors in language design. Linguistic Inquiry 36(1).Chomsky, N. 2008. Human nature and the origins of language. Radical Anthropology 2.Chomsky, N. 2009. On phases. In R. Freidin et al. eds. Foundational Issures in Linguistic Theory. MIT Press.Chomsky, N. 2009. Minimal recursion: Exploring the prospects. Recursion: Structural Complexity in Language and Cognition, UMass Amherst.Corballis, M. C. 2002. From Hand to Mouth: The Origins of Language. Princeton UP.Corballis, M. C. in press. Mirror neurons and the evolution of language. Brain & Language.Culicover, P. W. & R. Jackendoff. 2006. The simpler syntax hypothesis. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10(9).Everett, D.L. 2005. Cultural constraints on grammar and cognition in Pirahã. Current Anthropology 46.Friederici, A.D. & J. Brauer. 2009. Syntaxtic complexity in the brain. In T. Givón & M. Shibatani eds.Friederici, A.D. et al. 2006. The brain differentiates human and non-human grammars: Functional localization and structural connectivity. PNAS 103.Fujita, K. 2009. A prospect for evolutionary adequacy: Merge and the evolution and development of human language. Biolinguistics 3(2/3). Fukui, N. to appear. Merge and bare phrase structure. In C. Boeckx ed. The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Minimalism. OUP.Greenfield, P. M.1991. Language, tools, and brain. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(4).Greenfield, P. 2006. Implications of mirror neurons for the ontogeny and phylogeny of cultural processes: The examples of tools and language. In M. A. Arbib ed. Action to Language via the Mirror Neuron System. CUP. Grodzinsky, Y. & A.D. Friederici. 2006. Neuroimaging of syntax and syntactic processing. Current Opinions in Neurobiology 16.Hauser, M. D. et al. 2002. The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science 298.Hauser, M. 2009. Origin of the mind. Scientific American Sept. 2009.Hornstein, N. 2009. A Theory of Syntax: Minimal Operations and Universal Grammar. CUP.Itoh, T. et al. 2007. Keitairon-no ninchi nokagaku (Cognitive brain science of morphology). Gengo 36(8).Kovas, Y. & R. Plomin 2006. Generalist genes: implications for the cognitive sciences. Trends in CogSci 10.Marcus, G. 2004. The Birth of the Mind. Basic Books.Marcus, G. 2006. Cognitive architecture and descent with modification. Cognition 101(2).Mithen, S. 1996. The Prehistory of the Mind. Thames and Hudson.Phillips, C. & E. Lau. 2004. Foundational issues. Journal of Linguistics 40(3).Phillips, C. & S. Lewis. to appear. DErivational order in syntax: Evidence and architectural consequences. C. Chesi ed. Directions in Derivations. Elsevier.Phillips, C. & M. Wagers. to appear. Relating structure and time in linguistics and psycholinguistics. Oxford Handbook of Psycholinguistics. OUP.Shapiro, K. & A. Caramazza 2003. The representation of grammatical categories in the brain. Trends in CogSci 7.Tincoff, R. & M. D. Hauser. 2006. Cognitive basis for language evolution in nonhuman primates. Encyclopedia of Language & Linguistics. 2nd ed. Elsevier.Tucker, D. M. et al. 2009. Neural mechanisms of recursive processing in cognitive and linguistic complexity. In T. Givón & M. Shibatani eds. 4142Thank You!43

Experimental Syntax for Biolinguistics?

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Experimental Syntax for Biolinguistics?

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