Runner beans is very few studied in Romania, but the importance of
this specie consist of high nutrient value: hydrocarbon - 7.7%, protein - 2.4%,
vitamins, minerals and fiber. Currently runner bean crop, like all vegetable
species, is undergoing a number of chemical factors like: pesticides, fertilizers
and hormons.The aim of this study assessing chemical risk factors on runner
bean crop in NE region of Romania. Content level of contaminants vary
depending on the variety, but the obtained values not exceeding the maximum
limits admitted by regulation, but some contaminants are at maximum levels.
This requires especially where conventional monitoring system value pods
residues so that consumption would not pose a risk

Arpetin, Ana Maria

Butnariu, Monica

Munteanu, N.

Stoleru, V.

Teliban, G. C.

Stoleru, Vasile

Teliban, Gabriel-Ciprian

Munteanu, Neculai

Arpetin, Ana-Maria

ALSE Repository

LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 59 (1) / 2016, USAMV IAŞI 251  CHEMICAL RISK ASSESSMENT ON RUNNER BEAN (PHASEOLUS COCCINEUS L.)  EVALUAREA RISCULUI CHIMIC LA CULTURA DE FASOLE MARE (PHASEOLUS COCCINEUS L.)  STOLERU V.1, TELIBAN G.1, BUTNARIU Monica2, MUNTEANU N.1, ARPENTIN Ana-Maria1 e-mail: vstoleru@uaiasi.ro  Abstract: Runner beans is very few studied in Romania, but the importance of this specie consist of high nutrient value: hydrocarbon - 7.7%, protein - 2.4%, vitamins, minerals and fiber. Currently runner bean crop, like all vegetable species, is undergoing a number of chemical factors like: pesticides, fertilizers and hormons.The aim of this study assessing chemical risk factors on runner bean crop in NE region of Romania. Content level of contaminants vary depending on the variety, but the obtained values not exceeding the maximum limits admitted by regulation, but some contaminants are at maximum levels. This requires especially where conventional monitoring system value pods residues so that consumption would not pose a risk. Key words: runner bean, yield, nitrates, nitrites, heavy metals  Rezumat: Fasolea mare este foarte puţin studiată în Romania, însă importanţa alimentară ridicată este dată de conţinutul în: hidrocarbonaţi - 7,7%, proteine - 2,4%, vitamine, săruri minerale şi fibre. În prezent cultura de fasole mare, la fel ca toate speciile legumicole, este supusă acţiunii unui număr mare de factori de natură chimcă (pesticide, fertilizanţi, hormoni). Studiul de faţă a avut ca scop evaluarea factorilor de risc chimic asupra culturii de fasole mare, în condiţiile zonei de NE a Romaniei. Nivelul conţinutului de contaminanţi variază în funcţie de soi la acelaşi regim de fertilizare, însă valorile obţinute nu depăşesc limitele maxime admise de Reglementarea UE. Datorită faptului că unii contaminanţi sunt la nivel maxim, este necesară o permanentă monitorizare a valorii reziduurilor, astfel încât consumul de păstăi să nu reprezinte un risc pentru organismul uman. Cuvinte cheie: fasole mare, producţie, nitraţi, nitriţi, metale grele INTRODUCTION The tradition for growing vegetables, aspects of the natural environment and the socio-economic favors organic vegetable production in Romania (Stoleru, 2013). In this case the risk factors of organic production are in a low share and a relatively low degree of intensity. From this point of view, chemical risk factors can endanger food safety vegetables (Cucu, 2010). Chemical risk factors are                                                  1 University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Romania 2 University of Agriculture Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Banat, Timisoara, Romania LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 59 (1) / 2016, USAMV IAŞI 252 represented by the totality of chemical pollutants that cause environmental damage (Munteanu et al., 2011; Munteanu et al., 2012). Some of polluting chemicals include: pesticides, chemical fertilizers of synthetic and detergents derived from domestic and commercial activity (Hura, 2006). Vegetables contain variable quantities of nitrites / nitrates and heavy metals that come from the environment. Fertilization with organic fertilizers favors the growth of nitrate content in products. Accumulation of heavy metals in plant products requires knowledge of soil and groundwater contamination with these chemicals polluting. Toxic metals in vegetables due to arrive in agriculture treatments, acid rain, etc (Cucu, 2010; Munteanu et al., 2012). Food degradation under the action of chemicals occurs from the use of irrational fertilization practices in agriculture (Stoleru, 2013). FAO and WHO have shown that although state chemical pollution is different from one area to another crop plants, animals and man are affected by chemical contamination universally. So, quantitative analysis and discovery and toxicology of heavy metals in crops, animals and endangering human health quality have led to serious concern lately (Stefan et al., 2013; Hamburda et al., 2016). Heavy metals get into the soil after depositing particulates in the atmosphere, irrational waste storage, and due to agricultural activities consisting of misuse of fertilization methods. Heavy metals are a risk factor in organic farming because they have property to bio-accumulate, to accumulates in certain tissues and organs in plants and animals (Hura, 2006) and to solubilize combinations in which the soil. The aim of this study was to conduct studies and research on which to highlight the influence of chemical risk on large bean crop in terms of the natural environment of the "V. Adamachi" farm.  MATERIAL AND METHOD Experimental site The experiments were carried out in the V. Adamachi, Iasi county,  during 2016. The crop was established in a tunnel, on the area of 400 sm. The maintenance works were applied in accordance with the scientific literature (Munteanu et al., 2010; Indrea et al., 2012; Hamburdă et al., 2016; Dumitrescu et al., 1997). Iasi area is characterized in terms of climate with average temperatures of 9.6° C and rainfall around 537 mm annually (Munteanu et al., 2010). The experience was organized in a split plot designed in randomized blocks, with 3 repetitions on each version. Each variant of the repetition included 40 plants. For the fertilization system eas used a fertilizer from gamaNutrispore, in an amount of 300 kg/ha, applied in two times, 150 kg/ha at soil preparation and 150 kg/ha in the phenophase of flowering (Stoleru, 2013). Nutrispore is a fertilizer containing 20 % of nitrogen, phosphorus andrihyde, potassium oxide, boron (B) 0,012%, iron (Fe) 0,012%, manganese (Mn) 0,01%, zinc(Zn) 0,003%, obtained by homogenization with a small amount of chlorine. Nutrispore range is obtained from the use of high quality raw materials to ensure the rapid solubility in the absence of residues. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 59 (1) / 2016, USAMV IAŞI 253 Biological materials Materials used consist in four large varieties of runner beans, from UK, namely: Lady Di, Desiree, Polestar, White Apollo. Determination of contaminants Nitrate and nitrite in vegetable products is determined using a spectrophotometer, or fotoclorimetrului with reagents such as: a saturated solution of borax, potassium ferrocyanide, zinc acetate, Griess reagent. The principle of the method consists in quantifying the degree of intensity of color compound nitric occurred as a result of reaction diazotation of sulphanilic and nitrite in acid aqueous sample to sample and coupling with alfanaftilamina in order nitrite dosing. Determination of heavy metals In order to determine the content of heavy metals in plant products was carried out by a dry method thereof mineralization. The principle of the method consists in the minimizing of the organic substance from the sample by carbonization and incineration electric furnace at 500 ° C, to yield the ash is introduced into the dilute hydrochloric acid. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The production of runner beans are satisfactory, with tolerable differences depending on each variety. The lower production of 11.272 kg/ha was obtained in the Desiree variety. Production averages close to average variety experiment were obtained on White Apollo 13.991 kg/ha and Lady Di variety which produced 14.381 kg/ha. The highest value of production was achieved at Polestar variety with a quantity of 23.633 kg/ha, production is considered positive compared with experiment average (15.819 kg/ha).  Table1 Yield of runner bean  Cultivar Total production (kg/ha) Relative production (%) than average Differences to the average (kg/ha) and signfication Lady Di 14381 90.9 -1438ns Desiree 11272 71.25 -4547oo Polestar 23633 149.3 7814*** White Apollo 13991 88.44 -1828o Mean of yield 15819 100 0ns Ns - non significant; o-negative significant; oo-negative distinct significant; ***-positive very significant    LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 59 (1) / 2016, USAMV IAŞI 254  Results on the content of nitrites and nitrates in samples of runner beans The amount of nitrates in each specific bean variety exceeds 100 mg/kg fresh weight, so the first option to obtain a content of 125.56 mg/kg, the variety Desiree was determined a nitrate content which fall in the value of 146.11 mg/kg, in the third variant was determined containing 110.09 mg/kg, and the White variety Apollo was obtained containing 123.78 mg/kg dry weight, compared to the limit of 4000 mg / kg according Regl. 396/2005.  125,56146,11110,09123,78Lady Di Desiree Polestar White ApolloNitrates KNO3 (mg/kg) Fig.1 The nitrate content from runner bean under Nutrispore fertilization  Regarding the content of nitrite in four versions analyzed, recorded values were determined as 2.08 mg/kg dry weight, compared to the maximum limit of 20 mg/kg. Thus, in first variant were obtained 1.02 mg/kg, the Desiree variety solution was obtained with a determination value of 0.89 mg/kg, as a result of analysis on the sample to obtain a variety Polestar content of 2.07 mg/kg nitrite, and the Apollo cultivar White was obtained in a yield of 1.34 mg/kg nitrite.  LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 59 (1) / 2016, USAMV IAŞI 255 1,020,892,071,34Lady DiDesireePolestarWhite ApolloNitrites NaNO2 (mg/kg) Fig. 2 The nitrites content from runner bean under Nutrispore fertilization  Results on the content of heavy metals in samples of runner beans The content of heavy metals varies according to the variety, with the exception of the level of Cd is less than 10 mg/kg every control sample. The largest quantities were obtained for Cr and Zn, recorded values of over 100 mg / kg for each variety under analysis. Thus, the Cr level of the variety Lady Di sample of 130 mg/kg, the variety Desiree is 107 mg/kg variety Polestar is 127 mg/kg and 118 is the Apollo cultivar White mg/kg. Zinc content determined for each probe was 133 mg/kg variety White Apollo and Lady Di, 135 mg/kg variety Desiree and 137 mg/kg variety Polestar. The level of Pb and Ni in the analyzed samples, ranging from 51-57 mg/kg, and the content with between 44-48 mg/kg.  Table2 Heavy metals content from runner bean   Cultivar Cr (mg/kg) Ni (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) Cd (mg/kg) Pb (mg/kg) Lady Di 130 56 48 133 <10 54 Desiree 107 53 44 135 <10 53 Polestar 127 55 46 137 <10 57 White Apollo 118 57 45 133 <10 51  The variations content produced each variant were almost identical profile. The highest value was obtained with the variety Lady Di 48 mg/kg, and the smallest variety Desiree, namely 44 mg/kg. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 59 (1) / 2016, USAMV IAŞI 256 Zn content obtained from analyzes on variants in the research, is between 133-137 mg/kg. The largest amount was determined on the variant variety with a value of 137 mg/kg, and the smallest on the variety Lady Di. The values of lead in the analyzed samples, ranging from 51-57 mg/kg. The lowest value was obtained on variant Apollo White variety, 51 mg/kg. CONCLUSIONS Content level of heavy metals, nitrites and nitrates varies depending on the variety of runner bean, but not exceeded the maximum limit of regulation. Even if values quantities of heavy metals, nitrates and nitrites determined from plant material subjected to the experiment are within the legislative, considerable changes can occur on them unless a system complies with specific technologies for sustainable agriculture. REFERENCES 1. Cucu Aida, 2010 – Evaluarea reziduurilor de metale grele şi nitraţi/nitriţi din componenta vegetală a lanţului trofic şi a riscurilor pentru consumatori. Teză de doctorat. Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agricole şi Medicină Veterinară Iaşi. 2. Dumitrescu M., Scurtu I., Stoian L., Costache M., 1997 - Cultura legumelor în câmp. Memorator Horti-Viticol. Editura Artprint, Bucureşti.  3. Hamburdă Silvia, Munteanu N., Teliban G., Stoleru V., 2016 - Effect of Intercropping System on the Quality and Quantity of Runner Bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.). Not Bot HortiAgrobo, 44(2):613-618. 4. Hura Carmen, 2006 - Ghid de laborator. Metode de analiză pentru produsele alimentare. Editura Cermi, Iaşi.  5. Indrea D., Apahidean S., Apahidean Maria, Măniţiu D.N., Sima Rodica, 2013 - Cultura legumelor. Ediţia a-III-a revizuită, Editura Ceres.  6. Munteanu N., Bireescu L., Bulgariu D., Hura Carmen, Stoian L., Stoleru V., 2010. Monografia producţiei legumicole ecologice din Nord-Estul României: Posibilităţi şi riscuri. Editura Performantica, Iaşi.  7. Munteanu N., Bireescu L., Bulgari D., Călin M., Hura Carmen, Stoleru V., 2011 - Flux tehnologic optimizat în legumicultura ecolocică pentru siguranţa alimentară şi sustenabilitate. Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iaşi.  8. Munteanu N., Stoleru V., Hura Carmen, 2012 - Assessment of Heavy Metals Control from Soil and Vegetable Plants in Different Growing System. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology A.  9. Stefan M., Munteanu N., Stoleru V., Mihasan M., 2013 - Effects of inoculation with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on photosynthesis, antioxidant status and yield of runner bean. Romanian Biotechnological Letters Vol. 18(2): 8132-8143. 10. Stoleru V., 2013 - Managementulsistemelorlegumicoleecologice. Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad, Iaşi.  11. *** Regulamentul 396/2005 CE al Parlamentului European şi al Consiliului privind conţinuturile maxime aplicabile reziduurilor de pesticide din sau de pe produse alimentare şi hrana de origine vegetală şi animală pentru animale şi de modificare a Directivei 91/414/ CEE a Consiliului.  12. *** Regulamentul 834/2007 al CE privind producţia ecologică şi etichearea produselor ecologice precum şi abrogarea Regulamentului CE 2092/1991.  

Evaluarea riscului chimic la cultura de fasole mare (Phaseolus Coccineus L.)

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Evaluarea riscului chimic la cultura de fasole mare (Phaseolus Coccineus L.)

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