Objective: Viola odorata has a characteristic as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, and antipyretic agents. The aim of this study was detected about bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of V. odorata. Methods: The methanolic extract was analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the identification of different compounds.Results: The current study investigated about phytochemicals in flowers of V. odorata. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of flowers showed 84 compounds. The highest concentration was for components which include ethanol, 2-(9,12-octadecadienyl oxy) -, (Z,Z)-; pentadecanoic acid; 1-pentacosanol; 1-pentacosanol; 2-furan carboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-; 1,2 benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester; and docosane, 11-butyl- and gamma-sitosterol. The peak area and retention time for each components, respectively, were (15.709, 25.51%), (14.015, 19.51%), (29.914, 4.69%), (27.292, 3.95%), (5.707, 4.05%), (20.357, 3.91%), (18.289, 2.48%), and (30.431, 2.37%). While the others components ranged the peak area from 2.03% to 0.05%.Conclusions: These results indicate that the flowers of V. odorata contain the numerous components which have medical importance and this study was one of the first studies to detect phytochemicals in V. odorata

Alraheem, Esam Abd

Baqer, Noor Nihad

Jasim, Shaimaa Fakhri

English

Innovare Academic Sciences: E-Journals

Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018Online - 2455-3891 Print - 0974-2441DETECTION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT IN FLOWERS OF VIOLA ODORATA BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRYSHAIMAA FAKHRI JASIM, NOOR NIHAD BAQER*, ESAM ABD ALRAHEEMMinistry of Science and Technology, Directorate of Water and Environment. *Email: noornihadbaqer@gmail.comReceived: 15 December 2017, Revised and Accepted: 30 January 2018ABSTRACTObjective: Viola odorata has a characteristic as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, and antipyretic agents. The aim of this study was detected about bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of V. odorata.Methods: The methanolic extract was analyzed through gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the identification of different compounds.Results: The current study investigated about phytochemicals in flowers of V. odorata. GC-MS analysis of the methanol extract of flowers showed 84 compounds. The highest concentration was for components which include ethanol, 2-(9,12-octadecadienyl oxy) -, (Z,Z)-; pentadecanoic acid; 1-pentacosanol; 1-pentacosanol; 2-furan carboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-; 1,2 benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester; and docosane, 11-butyl- and gamma-sitosterol. The peak area and retention time for each components, respectively, were (15.709, 25.51%), (14.015, 19.51%), (29.914, 4.69%), (27.292, 3.95%), (5.707, 4.05%), (20.357, 3.91%), (18.289, 2.48%), and (30.431, 2.37%). While the others  components ranged the peak area from 2.03% to 0.05%.Conclusions: These results indicate that the flowers of V. odorata contain the numerous components which have medical importance and this study was one of the first studies to detect phytochemicals in V. odorata.Keywords: Viola odorata, Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, Phytochemicals, Pentadecanoic acid, Gamma-sitosterol.INTRODUCTIONThe medicinal herbs obtained much importance in recent years due to extensive applications of its bioactive molecules. The different strategies have been advanced for the selection of specific herbs for the study. The herbs selected were screened for the active phytoconstituents. The specific component present in the herbs was active subjected to isolation with different analytical techniques. The analogs of isolated molecules are characterized, and structural modification has been done to enhance the desired activity and minimize the unfavorable side effects [1]. The Violaceae is a family which contains about 900 species belonging to 22 genera; this family is a medium-sized of perennial or rarely annual herbs or shrubs, including the violets or pansies. It is cosmopolitan, but more typical of the temperate regions and tends to be restricted to higher mountainous areas. The Viola L. is the largest genus of the family and has about 400 species in the world [2].Viola odorata perennial herb, rhizome short, thick leaves are heart-shaped, slightly downy, especially beneath, on stalks rising alternately from a creeping rhizome or underground stem. The flowers are generally deep purple, giving their name to the color which was called for it, pale rose-colored or white variations are also frequent, and all these tints may sometimes be discovered in different plants growing on the same land. The flowers are full of honey and are constructed for bee visitors, but bloom before it is really bee time, so that it is rare that a violet flower is found setting seed [3] V. odorata has a characteristic as antifungal, antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antiasthmatic, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, and antipyretic agents [4]. The flowers infusion used for jaundice, eczema, febrifuge, antiallergic, blood cleansing, and migraine [5,6]. So Shafi and Tabassum [7]  revealed the importance of herbal remedies, such as of fruits of Eriobotrya japonica has beneficial effects on serum glucose levels. While Gulilat et al. [8] showed the importance of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in the phytochemical analysis which revealed the presence of various secondary metabolites, namely, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, saponins, and carotenoid in rue extract, it has a property antimicrobial agents in drugs development of infectious disease. This study aimed to detect about bioactive compounds in the methanolic extract of V. odorata.METHODSPlant materialV. odorata L. plant which authenticated by the National Herbarium of Iraq Botany Directorate at Abu-Ghraib was collected in April and July. The flowers dried at room temperature 25°C in the shade for (10) days then it was crushed into powder by electric Grinder and weighted.Preparation of extracts100 g of crushed powder (flowers) of V. odorata L. Plant was macerated for 36 h with shaking at room temperature 25°C in 1 L methanol, and the resulting extract was filtered. The residue was re-extracted twice for complete exhaustion. The obtained filtrates were combined and concentrated using a rotary evaporator to get the dry extract. The dried extract was dissolved in methanol and stored at 4°C in a refrigerator [9].GC-MS analysisThe methanolic extract was analyzed through GC-MS for the identification of different compounds.Instruments and chromatographic conditions GC ProgramColumn: Elite-5MS (5% diphenyl/95% dimethyl polysiloxane), 30 × 0.25 mm × 0.25 m df. Equipment: GC Shimadzu ap 2010 plus. Carrier gas: 3 ml/min, Split: 10:1. Detector: Mass detector Quader mass gold-Perkin Elmer.Software: Turbomass 5.2. Sample injected: 2 µl.© 2018 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i5.24288Research Article263Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018, 262-269 Jasim et al. NO RT Compound Molecular formula MW Peak area Chemical structure1 2.593 3-Buten-2-one, 4-(dimethylamino)-4-(1-piperidinyl) C11H20N2O 196 0.052 2.820 Propanoic acid, 2-(aminooxy)- C3H7NO3 105 0.133 2.930 Glycerin C3H8O3 92 0.064 3.347 1-Decyne C10H18 138 1.235 3.624 Benzene acetaldehyde C8H8O 120 0.11Table 1: The compounds identified from methanol extract of V. odorata flowers by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(Contd...)Oven temperature program•	 80°C	-	2	min	hold.	Up	to	300°C	120	min	at	the	rate	of	10°C/min.•	 Injector	temperature	280°C.	Total	GC	is	running	time	30	min.MS program•	 Library	used	NIST	10	Version-year	2010.	 Inlet	 line	 temperature	280°C.•	 Source	temperature	200°C.	Electron	energy:	70	eV.	Mass	scan	(m/z):	40–600.•	 Solvent	delay:	0–2	min.	Total	MS	running	time:	30	min.•	 The	extract	was	dissolved	 in	methanol	and	 filtered	with	Elite-	5	MS column and analyzed in GC-MS for different constituents. The phytoconstituents obtained as a result was interpreted on mass spectrum GCMC using NIST (2010).RESULTGC-MS of the methanol extract of V. odorata flowers showed 84 peaks. The constituents were shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1 with their retention time (RT), molecular formula, molecular weight, concentration (peak area %), and chemical structures. GC-MS analysis showed 84 compounds the highest concentration was for components which include ethanol, 2-(9,12-octadecadienyloxy)-, (Z,Z)-; pentadecanoic acid; 1-pentacosanol; 1-pentacosanol; 2-furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-; 1,2 benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester; docosane, and 11-butyl- and gamma-sitosterol. The RT and peak area for each components, respectively, were (15.709, 25.51%), (14.015, 19.51%), (29.914, 4.69%), (27.292, 3.95%), (5.707, 4.05%), (20.357, 3.91%), (18.289, 2.48%), and (30.431, 2.37%). While the remain of the components ranged the peak area from 2.03% to 0.05%.Fig. 1: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry chromatogram of methanol extract of Viola odorata264Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018, 262-269 Jasim et al. Table 1: (Continued)NO RT Compound Molecular formula MW Peak area Chemical structure6 3.938 Benzaldehyde, 3-phenoxy-, (4,6-dimethyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) hydrazoneC16H15N7O 321 0.517 4.784 4H-Pyran-4-one, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl- C6H8O4 144 1.838 5.707 2-Furancarboxaldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)- C6H6O3 126 4.059 6.258 Nonanoic acid C9H18O2 158 1.7510 6.522 8-Nonynoic acid C9H14O2 154 0.9011 6.703 Salicylic acid C7H6O3 138 0.1412 6.829 Methyl 2,3-anhydro-.beta.-d-ribofuranoside C6H10O4 146 0.1113 6.890 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol C9H10O2 150 0.1314 7.425 Eugenol C10H12O2 164 0.2215 7.703 8-Methyl-6-nonenoic acid C10H18O2 170 0.1916 7.933 Decane, 2-methyl- C11H24 156 0.1917 8.181 Benzeneethanol, 4-hydroxy- C8H10O2 138 0.15(Contd...)265Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018, 262-269 Jasim et al. NO RT Compound Molecular formula MW Peak area Chemical structure18 8.399 Benzaldehyde, 2-hydroxy-6-methyl- C8H8O2 136 0.2219 8.873 Suberic acid monomethyl ester C9H16O4 188 0.3320 8.979 4-(2-Methoxyethyl)-2-methylphenol C10H14O2 166 0.0721 9.129 Octane, 2,3,3-trimethyl- C11H24 156 0.1422 9.317 Cyclooctane C8H16 122 0.1623 9.467 Octanedioic acid C8H14O4 174 0.1124 9.789 3-Hydroxy-4-methoxybenzoic acid C8H8O4 168 0.1125 10.184 Didodecyl phthalate C32H54O4 502 0.0626 10.273 Dodecane, 2,6,11-trimethyl- C15H32 212 0.1727 10.561 Azelaic acid C9H16O4 188 0.0528 11.019 3,3-Dimethylacryloyl chloride C5H7ClO 118 0.0329 11.188 Epi-inositol C6H12O6 180 0.1230 11.365 2-Bromo dodecane C12H25Br 248 0.15Table 1: (Continued)(Contd...)266Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018, 262-269 Jasim et al. NO RT Compound Molecular formula MW Peak area Chemical structure31 11.445 2-Benzoyl-3,4-acetone-d-galactosan C16H18O6 306 0.0232 11.595 dl-Serine C3H7NO3 105 0.0533 11.758 2,5-Dihydroxy-4-isopropyl-2,4,6-cycloheptatrien-1-one C10H12O3 180 0.0334 11.958 Tetradecanoic acid C14H28O2 228 0.4835 12.334 Undecyl	trifluoroacetate C13H23F3O2 268 0.0936 12.407 2-Bromo dodecane C12H25Br 248 0.0937 12.540 3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid C9H10O5 198 0.4938 12.581 2-Pentadecanone, 6,10,14-trimethyl- C18H36O 268 0.1639 12.973 Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2 242 0.1040 13.403 Undecane,	3,8-dimethyl- C13H28 184 0.1341 13.626 Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester C17H34O2 270 2.0042 13.776 2-Tridecenal, (E)- C13H24O 196 0.2643 14.015 Pentadecanoic acid C15H30O2 242 19.5144 14.352 Card-20 (22)-enolide, 3-[(2,6-dideoxy-4-O-.beta.-D-glucopyranosyl-3-O-methyl-.beta.-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl) oxy]-5,14-dihydroxy-19-oxoC36H54O14 710 0.0745 14.637 7-Methyl-Z-tetradecen-1-ol acetate C17H32O2 268 0.3146 14.889 Eicosanoic acid C20H40O2 312 0.1447 15.011 Oxacycloheptadec-8-en-2-one C16H28O2 252 0.6248 15.213 9,12-Octadecadienoic acid (Z, Z)-, methyl ester C19H34O2 294 1.1249 15.274 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester, (Z, Z, Z)-C21H36O4 352 1.1150 15.414 Phytol C20H40O 296 0.32Table 1: (Continued)(Contd...)267Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018, 262-269 Jasim et al. NO RT Compound Molecular formula MW Peak area Chemical structure51 15.513 Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester C19H38O2 298 0.1452 15.709 Ethanol, 2-(9,12-octadecadienyloxy)-, (Z, Z)- C20H38O2 310 25.5153 15.896 Octadecanoic acid C18H36O2 284 2.0554 16.829 Oleyl alcohol, trifluoroacetate C20H35F3O2 364 0.1555 17.436 Eicosane C20H42 282 0.8856 17.734 Cyclopentaneundecanoic acid, methyl ester C17H32O2 268 0.1257 18.119 Deoxyspergualin C17H37N7O3 387 1.2858 18.289 Docosane, 11-butyl- C26H54 366 2.4859 18.604 Sulfurous acid, 2-propyl tridecyl ester C16H34O3S 306 0.1260 19.244 1,2-Propanediol, 3-benzyloxy-1,2-diacetyl- C14H18O5 266 0.4861 19.360 Tetratetracontane C44H90 618 0.5062 19.804 Undecane,	2-methyl- C12H26 170 0.3663 20.357 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisooctyl ester C24H38O4 390 3.9164 20.564 (2,3-Diphenylcyclopropyl) methyl phenyl sulfoxide, trans-C22H20OS 332 1.2665 20.635 (2,3-Diphenylcyclopropyl) methyl phenyl sulfoxide, trans-C22H20OS 332 0.0966 20.704 Pentacosane, 13-undecyl- C36H74 506 0.2367 21.325 Acetic acid n-octadecyl ester C20H40O2 312 0.7468 22.281 Benzene, (3-ethenyl-5,5-dimethylhexyl)- C16H24 216 0.09Table 1: (Continued)(Contd...)268Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018, 262-269 Jasim et al. NO RT Compound Molecular formula MW Peak area Chemical structure69 22.939 Oxalic acid, allyl tetradecyl ester C19H34O4 326 0.4970 23.799 1-Octacosanol C28H58O 410 1.6971 25.931 Ethanol, 2-(3,3-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylidene)- C11H18O 166 0.1972 26.193 Imidazole, 4-fluoro-5-aminocarbonyl- C4H4FN3O 129 0.6373 26.353 1,7-Dimethyl-4-(1-methylethyl) cyclodecane C15H30 210 0.5074 27.078 Heptacosyl heptafluorobutyrate C31H55F7O2 592 2.0375 27.292 1-Pentacosanol C25H52O 368 3.9576 28.530 1-Heptatriacotanol C37H76O 536 0.1577 29.154 Silane, dimethyl (2-nitrophenoxy) tetradecyloxy- C22H39NO4Si 409 0.0578 29.339 3-Eicosene, (E)- C20H40 280 0.6979 29.730 22,23-Dibromostigmasterol acetate C31H50Br2O2 612 0.2680 29.914 Triacontyl pentafluoropropionate C33H61F5O2 584 4.6981 30.431 Gamma.-Sitosterol C29H50O 414 2.3782 30.871 Cholest-5-en-3-ol, 24-propylidene-, (3.beta.)- C30H50O 426 0.6383 31.348 3-Hydroxyspirost-8-en-11-one C27H40O4 428 0.1584 31.883 Ergost-5,8 (14)-dien-3-ol C28H46O 398 0.28V. odorata: Viola odorata, MW: Molecular weight, RT: Retention timeDISCUSSIONGC analysis was not detected for the flower of V. odorata previously, while Hammami et al. [10] showed of the active components in volatile oils in Viola odorata by using GC , it  revealed of the presence 63 identified volatile constituents, the main components were including: 1-phenyl butanone (22.43%),	linalool	(7.33%	%),benzyl	alcohol	(5.65%),	α-cadinol	(4.91),	globulol	 (4.32%)	 and	 viridiflorol	 (3.51%).	 Pulegone(3.33%),	 epi-α-cadinol (3.05%), terpinen-4-ol (2.31%), germacrene A (1.99%) and paramethyl anisole (1.09%) were found to be the main compounds [11] showed in GC analysis of Hybanthus enneaspermus which belongs to the family Violaceae, it contains the major phytoconstituents were (5E,13E)-5,13-Doco sadienoic acid (20.90%) and Cedran-diol, 8S, 14- (13.02). The results shown that the flower V. odorata contains active compounds that have medical importance such as eugenol has the characteristic as anti-tumor necrosis factor, antioxidant, antiprostaglandin, antipyretic, antiradicular, anti-salmonella, antiseptic, antiseptic, fungicide, antiestrogenic, antigenotoxic and antiviral [12], and anti-tumor [13]. While gamma-sitosterol used as anti-diabetic, anti-angiogenic, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, and antiviral [14]. Phytol has the property as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, diuretic, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-diuretic, immunostimulatory and anti-diabetic, and antimycobacterial activity [15]. While tetradecanoic acid used as antioxidant, lubricant, hypercholesterolemic, cancer-preventive, and cosmetic. Whereas hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester has the Table 1: (Continued)269Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 11, Issue 5, 2018, 262-269 Jasim et al. ability as antioxidant, flavor, antifibrinolytic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-androgenic, lubricant, hemolytic, 5-alpha reductase inhibitor, nematicide, and anti-alopecic [16]. As for the compound octacosanol used as anticancer, cholesterol-lowering effect, anticoagulant, increase stamina and improve strength and reaction time for athletes [17]. Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester has the property as antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antihistimic, anti-coronary, hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, hepatoprotective action, soap, lumbricant, and cosmetics [18].CONCLUSIONThis study showed through the GC analysis, the flowers of V. odorata contains many active compounds which have the medical importance and bioactivity. These compounds can be isolated and tested for the cellular toxicity to determine the safety of their usage in the treatment of diseases.CONFLICTS OF INTERESTThe authors have not declared any conflict of interest. But have a contribution to some research in Ministry of science and technology \ Directorate of Water and Environment\ Iraq.REFERENCES1. Patil SJ, Venkatesh S, Vishwanatha T, Banagar SR, Banaga RJ, Patil SB. GCMS analysis of bioactive constituents from the petroleum ether extract of Citrus medica Seeds. World J Pharm Pharm Sci 2014;3:1239-49.2.	 Bağcı	Y,	Dinç	M,	Öztürk	M.	Morphological,	anatomical	and	ecological	study	on	turkish	endemic	viola	yildirimlii	m.	dinç	&	y.	bağcı.	Int	J	Nat	Eng Sci 2008;2:1-5.3. Alwash BM. Phytochemical and Cytotoxic Studies of Viola odorata L. Cultivated	in	Iraq.	Ministry	of	Higher	Education,	Scientific	Research,	University of Baghdad, Collage Science for Women. Thesis; 2006.4. Barekat T, Otroshy M, Zadeh BS, Sadr-arhami A, Mokhtari A. 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DETECTION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT IN FLOWERS OF VIOLA ODORATA BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY

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DETECTION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL CONSTITUENT IN FLOWERS OF VIOLA ODORATA BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY

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