The effect of the dust rejected by the steel complex of El Hadjar (SIDER) studies was by subjecting the mousses and lichens under a treatment by various concentrations of dust. Previously, the chemical composition of this dust was to analyze and show as well the quantitative and qualitative composition of dust and the dust is consisted of the pollutants with rates much higher than those authorized by WHO. All the measured morphophysiology parameters were strongly disturbed by dust in the case of the mousses and as well as that of the lichens. A clear disturbance of the energy respiratory metabolism was observed at the two species study; these disturbances are related to enzymatic dysfunctions likely to diagnose phototoxicity by certain heavy metals. It was concluded that, the dust rejected by SIDER disturbs the morphophysiology and biochemical parameters of the mousses and lichens and on the other hand, its dust strongly inhibits the two energy phenomena study with known breathing and photosynthesis.Key words: Heavy metals, dust, mousses, lichens, breathing

Bouchelaghem, S

Djebar, MR

Djebar-Berrebbah, H

AJOL - African Journals Online

African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 10(18), pp. 3574-3578, 2 May, 2011     Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB DOI: 10.5897/AJB09.036 ISSN 1684–5315 © 2011 Academic Journals    Full Length Research Paper  The impact of dust emits by the steel complex of El Hadjar (ANNABA) on two biological models: Mousses and lichens  Sabrina Bouchelaghem1*, Djebar-Berrebbah, H.2 and Djebar, M. R.2  1Biology Department, El Taref University Centre, El Taref, 36000, Algeria. 2Cell Toxicology Laboratory, Annaba University, Annaba, 23000, Algeria.  Accepted 4 March, 2011  The effect of the dust rejected by the steel complex of El Hadjar (SIDER) studies was by subjecting the mousses and lichens under a treatment by various concentrations of dust. Previously, the chemical composition of this dust was to analyze and show as well the quantitative and qualitative composition of dust and the dust is consisted of the pollutants with rates much higher than those authorized by WHO. All the measured morphophysiology parameters were strongly disturbed by dust in the case of the mousses and as well as that of the lichens. A clear disturbance of the energy respiratory metabolism was observed at the two species study; these disturbances are related to enzymatic dysfunctions likely to diagnose phototoxicity by certain heavy metals. It was concluded that, the dust rejected by SIDER disturbs the morphophysiology and biochemical parameters of the mousses and lichens and on the other hand, its dust strongly inhibits the two energy phenomena study with known breathing and photosynthesis.   Key words: Heavy metals, dust, mousses, lichens, breathing.   INTRODUCTION  The steel operations have tended to cause pollution of the atmosphere; pollution is often spectacular harmful. In recent years, due to the appearance in the manufacturing of iron and steel of new technologies, problems of pollution in this sector have become increasingly complex; the use of oxygen to steel provides significant emissions of red smoke, agglomeration of ores and various pollutants including dust composition and size varied (10 to100 µ) (Ramade, 1995). Dusts discharged by the mills are mostly formed by heavy metals, whose effects on plants are very harmful (Bouchelaghem, 2003). These dusts inhibit the growth of microorganism’s freshwater (Douaouya et al., 2002).    MATERIALS AND METHODS   Origin of pollution   In this work, the main source of pollution was the steel complex of     *Corresponding author. E-mail: Sabrina_bouchelaghelaghem @yahoo.fr. El Hadjar, located at 13 km from the city of Annaba (El Hadjar common).  The source unit of pollution is the electric steel work, particularly dye rejected dust. As a first step, this study searched the chemical composition of dust released by the two mills (ACE 1 and 2) through the placement of boxes on the roofs of sites, near the chimney.    Experimental materials  The experimental equipment used for this study was composed of lower plants (Mousses: Rhizobium rigosium and Lichens: Ramalina farinacea). Mousses and Lichens were from the region of Seraidi to 1200 m altitude over the city of Annaba.    Cultivation of mousses and lichens  Mousses and lichens were first carefully selected; they were weighed (5 g) for each sample and then, placed in beakers of 200 ml. They were then treated with different solutions of dust con-centrations (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1 g/L) (Bensoltane et al., 2005).   Determination of the chemical composition of dust   The analysis of the chemical composition  of  dust  released  by  the  Bouchelaghem et al.       3575    Table 1. Chemical composition of dust released by the ACE 1 and 2 of the complex of El Hadjar steel during the year 2001/2002.  Sample Content of element (ppm) Cu Zn Pb Cr Ni Mn Fe Dust ACE1 3.7 240 24 10 1.2 320 3000 Dust ACE2 7.0 480 62.4 12 1.3 540 3600 Average (ACE 1 and 2) 10.7 720 88.4 22 2.5 860 6600  Ppm, Part per million.    ACE1 and 2 was conducted at the DRA SIDER complex and determined by the technique of atomic absorption. This technique (Gaydon, 1968; Rubeska, 1968) was based on the absorption of a beam of radiation of a part of the atomic vapour emitted from the element to be determined. The percentage of atomic absorption was detected by the weakening of the intensity of the line which is a function of the atomic vapour, (Philips, 1991).    Measurement of biochemical parameters   Determination of the average content of protein   Proteins were measured by the method of Bradford (1976). The principle of the method was based on setting an acid dye (Coomassie blue) of proteins at basic residues and aromatic, this setting causes a transfer of its colour from red to blue. This change in colour was measured at a wavelength of 595 nm by spectrophotometer (JENWAY 3600) using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as standard.   Determination of chlorophylls   The extraction of chlorophylls was carried out by the method of Holden (1975), which consists of a maceration of the plant in acetone. The processing of samples were as follows: 1 g of leaf vegetable was weighed, cut into small pieces and crushed in a mortar with 20 ml of acetone (to 80%) and approximately 100 mg of calcium bicarbonate (CaCO3). After grinding, the solution was then filtered and put in black boxes in order to avoid oxidation of chlorophylls by light. The reading was done at two different wavelengths of 645 and 663 nm, after calibrating the device with the solution of acetone to 80%. The values of the chlorophylls were calculated using the equation by Arnon (1949)  Chl.a = 12.70. DO (663) - 2.69. DO (645)   Chl.b = 22.90. DO (645) - 4.60. DO (663)    Measurement of respiratory activity   The oxygen uptake related to respiratory oxidation was measured by the polarography technique using oxygen electrode (HANSATECH) coupled to a computer. Cell volume adjustable from 1 to 2 ml is thermo stated at 25 + 0.02°C. The environment was highly turbulent and was composed of distilled water.  The concentration of oxygen in the measurement environment in equilibrium with the atmosphere was estimated to be equal to 240 µM (Djebar and Djebar, 2000). RESULTS  Chemical composition of dust from ACE 1 and 2  The results of the chemical composition of dust released by the ACE 1 and 2 of the complex of El Hadjar steel are summarized in Table 1   Effects of dust on mousses and lichens  Effects on average levels of total protein on mousses and lichens  In this work, only the dust of ACE1 was used for the study experiences and results are summarized in Table 2.   Effects of the average content of chlorophylls a and b on mousses and lichens  The results of the assay of chlorophyll are shown in Figures 1 and 2. Thus, it can be seen that, the photosynthesis of mousses and lichens were strongly affected by the dust of ACE1 and from the low concentrations used.   Effects of average levels of total sugars on mousses and lichens  The total soluble sugars were assayed by the method of Sheilds and Burnett (1966). The assay was then carried out in a spectrophotometer (JENWAY 6300) at wave-length (λ) of = 585 nm.  The results are shown in Figure 3. It was observed that, the level of total sugars among registered mousses witnesses are higher than those obtained in lichens (about 9 times>).   Effects on the respiratory metabolism of mousses and lichens  The evolution of the respiratory  metabolism  of  mousses 3576        Afr. J. Biotechnol.    Table 2. Average content of total protein on mousses and lichens treated with dust from the ACE1.  Dust (g) Mean total protein (µg/g fw) Mousses Lichens 0 39 47 0.25 37 45 0.50 35 42 0.75 22 32 1.00 12 27       Figure 1. Effect of dust released by the Ace 1 on the average content of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) of the mousses.     05101520250 0.25 0.50 0.75 1Dust  (g)Chlorophyll (ug/g FW)Chl. aChl. bChl.   a+b    Figure 2. Effect of dust rejected by the ACE 1 on the average content of chlorophylls a, b and (a + b) of the lichens. Bouchelaghem et al.       3577    0102030405060700 0.25 0.50 0.75 1Dust (g)Average content of sugar  (ug/fw )MoussesLichens  Figure 3. Effect of dust rejected by the ACE 1 on the average content of total sugar on mousses and lichens    024681012140 0.25 0.50 0.75 1Dust (g/l)Respiratory activity  (nmoles O2/g FW)without lightIn the presece of lightWithout li t   Figure 4. Changes in the respiration of mousses (j = 10) according to different concentrations of dust. The mid-position (middle electrode) consists of distilled water and the temperature was 22°C.     and lichens subjected to treatment with different concen-trations of dust rejected by the ACE 1 was followed over an average duration of 10 days. The results obtained are shown in the Figures 4 and 5.   DISCUSSION  This part proposes to recall and discuss the results exposed in this work. Thus, in the first part,  the  chemical  composition of the dust rejected by the ACE 1 and 2 of the iron and steel complex of El hadjar (Annaba) like polluting site, is given the comparison with the standards into force defined by the international organizations that will make it possible to give an idea on the degree of pollution of its units. The second part insisted on the impact caused by this dust on mousses and lichens. In the first step, this study showed a clear disturbance of protein metabolism which resulted to a decrease in average protein content, as well  as  the  average contentof chlorophyll. In the case of the average contents of sugar, one parallel to note is a reduction in the rates of mousses which recorded an increase at the lichens. Thus, the lichens seem to behave differently; it is known  3578        Afr. J. Biotechnol.      0510152025300 0.25 0.50 0.75 1Dust (g/l)Respiratory activity  (nmoles O2/g FW)without lightIn the presece of lightWithout light     Figure 5. Changes in the respiration of lichen (j = 10) according to different concentrations of dust. The mid-position (middle electrode) consists of distilled water and the temperature was 22°C.     that the synthesis of total sugars is a response to various stresses (Belahcene, 2002). This clearly shows the role played by these micro-organisms in the bio detection of pollution in the air, comparatively, the mousses seem very sensitive to the pollution generated by the heavy metals contents in dust.   Concerning the results obtained as for the effects of dust on the respiratory metabolism of these organisms, it showed that breathing as well as photosynthesis is inhibited by dust and this is seen at the mousses and lichens. This effect would be due to the disturbance of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation particularly at these organisms. This disturbance would be explained partly by the interference of certain heavy metals (example, Zn) in the respiratory enzymatic activities and consequently, in the phosphorylation mechanism of ADP in ATP by ATPase (Fluckiger et al., 1978).         Conclusions  From a chemical composition, it is clear that the dust released from the steel complex of El Hadjar pollutants is both qualitative and quantitative. These dusts contain heavy metals and hazardous rates far exceeding those permitted by WHO.  All parameters that measured morphophysiology have been seriously disturbed by heavy metals both in the case of  mousses  and  lichens.  A distinct disturbance of respiratory energy meta-bolism is observed in both species studied. These disturbances are associated with dysfunctional enzyme likely to diagnose phototoxicity by some heavy metals. REFERENCES  Arnon DI (1949). Cooper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts polyphenoloxydse in Betavulgaris. Plant Physical. 24: 1-25. Belahcene N (2002). Caractérisation phéno-morphologiques des nouvelles sélections de blé dur pour l’adaptation et la stabilité du rendement dans la région d’El kheroub. Thèse de magistère Université de Annaba, p. 67. Bensoltane S, Khaldi F, Djebar H, Djebar MR (2005) .Toxicity of the ammonium nitrate NH4NO3 on the respiratory metabolism of three biological models: paramecium’s, mosses and lichens. Commun. Appl. Biol. Sci. Ghent University, 70(4): 1043-1051. Bradford MM (1976). A rapid and sensive method for quantisation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principal of protein by binding. Anal. Biochem. 72: 248-254. Bouchelaghem S (2003). Composition et effets des poussières rejetées par le complexe  Sidérurgique d’el Hadjar sur les végétaux. Impact sur le métabolisme respiratoire. Mémoire de magistère en biochimie. Option: Biochimie appliquée. Université d’Annaba. p. 80.   Djebar MR, Djebar H  (2000). Bioénergétique les mitochondries végétales. Synthèse, 8: 103. Douaouya L, Saouli F, Guasmia D (2002). Toxicité des poussières émises par les aciéries du complexe SIDER sur un microorganisme d’eau douce; mémoire de DEUA; Université de  Annaba, p. 25.  Fluckiger W, Fluckiger KH, Oerti JJ (1978). Dereinflues verkehrsbedingter luftverunreiningungen auf die peroxydase aktivivat, das ATP bildungsvermogen isolieter chlorplasten und das langenwachstun von Mais. J.  Plant Dis. Prot. 85: 41-47. Gaydon AG (1968). Dissociation energies and spectra of diatonic molecules. Chapman edit. London. Holden M (1975). Chlorophylls in chemistry and biochemistry. 2nd Ed. Ed Académie press, New York. p. 133.  Philips C (1991). Les oligo-éléments en médecine et en biologie .Ed Lavoisier Tec et Doc, pp. 213-286.  Ramade F (1995). Elément d’écologie: Ed science Internationale, p. 180. Rubeska I (1968). In flame emission and atomic absorption spectrometry. Ed dekker M. 320-325. Sheilds R, Burnett W (1966). Determination of protein bound carbohydrate in serum by a modified anthorons. Method Anal. Chem. 32: 885-886. 

English

The impact of dust emits by the steel complex of El Hadjar (ANNABA) on two biological models: Mousses and lichens

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/download/93434/82860

The impact of dust emits by the steel complex of El Hadjar (ANNABA) on two biological models: Mousses and lichens

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

AJOL - African Journals Online