The drosophilid fauna was studied in two integrated production vineyards in the northern part of Croatia (Međimurje County). The flies were sampled using apple vinegar trap during the autumn of 2016. A total of 317 drosophilid individuals belonging to eight species and two genera were collected. Seven species come from the genus Drosophila Fallen 1823, while only one came from the genus Chymomyza Czerny 1903. The most abundant species, with 69% of the total catch, was Drosophila suzukii (Matsamura, 1931) followed by Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, 1919 (19%) and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (6%). Four species were characterized as alien to Europe (Chymomyza amoena (Loew 1862); Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921; Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii). Invasive alien species, D. suzukii, first recorded in Croatia in 2010, has become the dominant species in the investigated area. Results from this research represent the first faunistic insights of the family Drosophilidae in Croatian agroecosystems

Aleksandar Mešić

Božena Barić

Darija Lemić

Gabrijel Seljak

Ivana Pajač Živković

Ivona Blažević

Milorad Šubić

English

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231Agriculturae Conspectus Scientifi cus . Vol. 81 (2016) No. 4 (231-234)ORIGINAL SCIENTIFIC PAPERSummaryTh e drosophilid fauna was studied in two integrated production vineyards in the northern part of Croatia (Međimurje County). Th e fl ies were sampled using apple vinegar trap during the autumn of 2016. A total of 317 drosophilid individuals belonging to eight species and two genera were collected. Seven species come from the genus Drosophila Fallen 1823, while only one came from the genus Chymomyza Czerny 1903. Th e most abundant species, with 69% of the total catch, was Drosophila suzukii (Matsamura, 1931) followed by Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, 1919 (19%) and Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (6%). Four species were characterized as alien to Europe (Chymomyza amoena (Loew 1862); Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921; Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii). Invasive alien species, D. suzukii, fi rst recorded in Croatia in 2010, has become the dominant species in the investigated area. Results from this research represent the fi rst faunistic insights of the family Drosophilidae in Croatian agroecosystems. Key wordsspecies composition, invasive alien species, Drosophila suzukii, fruit productionTh e Drosophilid Fauna (Diptera, Drosophilidae) of IPM Vineyards in Croatia Ivana PAJAČ ŽIVKOVIĆ 1( )Božena BARIĆ 1Darija LEMIĆ 1Ivona BLAŽEVIĆ 1Milorad ŠUBIĆ 2Gabrijel SELJAK 3Aleksandar MEŠIĆ 11 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture, Department for Agricultural Zoology, Svetošimunska cesta 25, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia e-mail: ipajac@agr.hr2 Croatian Agricultural Advisory Service, Zrinsko-frankopanska 9/III, 40000 Čakovec, Croatia3 Department for Plant protection, Agricultural and Forestry Institute Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, SloveniaReceived: March 22, 2017 | Accepted: April 7, 2017ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors would like to thank Sofija Pavković-Lučić for help with the collection of the reference data for this article.Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 81 (2016) No. 4232 Ivana PAJAČ ŽIVKOVIĆ, Božena BARIĆ, Darija LEMIĆ, Ivona BLAŽEVIĆ, Milorad ŠUBIĆ, Gabrijel SELJAK, Aleksandar MEŠIĆIntroduction Over the course of the past century, fl ies of the Drosophilidae family have been important models for understanding genetic, developmental, cellular, ecological, and evolutionary processes (Markow and O’Grady, 2007). Th e fl y Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 is one of the most intensively studied organisms worldwide, where over one thousand active research groups use Drosophila as a key insect model (Clark et al., 2003). Th e whole genome of D. melanogaster was among the earliest to be completely sequenced (Adams et al., 2000) and by sequencing Drosophila pseudoobscura (Richards et al., 2005), Drosophila was the fi rst genus to have multiple species completely sequenced (Clark et al., 2003; Gregory and Johnston, 2008). To this date about 3500 species of drosophilids have been identifi ed globally (Bächli, 2008). In the whole Palearctic region only 370 species are recorded and about 120 species are found in Europe (Kekić et al., 2005). During the past 45 years droso-philids have been studied at more than 60 geographic localities within southeastern Europe, including Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Slovenia, Montenegro and Serbia. Th is region is considered to be faunistically very rich when consid-ering Drosophilidae with a total of 59 species from 9 genera de-scribed from this part of the Balkan Penninsula (Kekić, 2002). In Croatia, the drosophilid fauna was relatively poorly investi-gated and the majority of investigations were made along the Adriatic coast and islands (Coe, 1958; Kekić, 2002). According to the database on Taxonomy of Drosophilidae (Bächli, 2008) about 60 species of this family are described from Croatia. Th e continental part of Croatia has been mainly excluded from stud-ies, so there are large geographical areas that were never or in-suffi  ciently investigated.Th is paper represents the fi rst faunistic survey of the family Drosophilidae in semidomestic habitats in the northern part of continental Croatia.Materials and methods Th e Drosophilidae survey was conducted in two IPM vine-yards situated in the northern part of Croatia (Međimurje County). Vineyards were located at a distance of 15 km from each other and selected based on similar microclimatic condi-tions prevailing in the region. Th e climate of the region is of a moderate continental type, with warm summers and maximum precipitation in the spring and summer (Meteorological and Hydrological Service, 2017). Th e fl ies were sampled by using apple vinegar traps during a one month period in autumn 2016. Th e fi rst vineyard, Donji Zebanec (DZ), is situated at N 46°28′1.2″, E 16°24′0″ (the collec-tion period lasted from 6th September until 6th October) and the second vineyard is located in Sveti Urban (SU), at N 46°28′20″, E 16° 16′ 15″ (the collection period lasted from 15th October until 15th November).Th e identifi cation of the collected drosophilids was based on the work of Bächli et al. (2004). Th e database on Taxonomy of Drosophilidae (Bächli, 2008) was used for the systematic clas-sifi cation of species. Th e dominance of drosophilid species was calculated according to Tischler (1949) as follows: eudominants (10-100%), dominants (5-10%), subdominants (2-5%), recedent (1-2%) and subrecedent (˂1%). The 70% alcohol preserved f lies are deposited in the Department for Agricultural Zoology, University of Zagreb, Faculty of Agriculture (Det. G. Seljak, leg. M. Šubić).Results In semidomestic habitats of vineyards a total of 317 individ-uals of drosophilids belonging to eight species and two genera were collected (Table 1). In the vineyard DZ, 237 specimens were collected, while in the vineyard SU, 80 specimens were collected. Seven species belong to the genus Drosophila Fallen 1823, while only one was found to belong to the genus Chymomyza Czerny 1903. In the vineyard DZ, all eight species of fl ies were collected, while in vineyard SU, four species of fl ies were collected (Table 1).Four species (Chymomyza amoena; Drosophila immigrans Sturtevant, 1921; Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila su-zukii (Matsamura, 1931)) were characterized as alien to Europe which represents 50% of the caught species in vineyard DZ and 75% in vineyard SU. Th e most abundant species, with 69% of the total catch, was D. suzukii, followed by Drosophila simulans Sturtevant, 1919 (19%) and D. melanogaster (6%). Th e species D. suzukii and D. simulans were classifi ed as eudominant species, D. melanogaster was classifi ed as dominant species, while the other species were recedent. In vineyard DZ the species which dominated the drosophilid assemblage were D. suzukii (90%), Genus Subgenus Species group Species Donji Zebanec  Sveti Urban  Chymomyza  Chymomyza fuscimana amoena (Loew 1862) 2 0 Drosophila  Drosophila Drosophila immigrans immigrans Sturtevant, 1921 3 1 Sophophora   Drosophila melanogaster melanogaster Meigen, 1830 5 15 simulans Sturtevant, 1919 2 58 suzukii (Matsamura, 1931) 213 6 Drosophila obscura obscura Fallén, 1823 2 0 subobscura Collin, 1936 7 0 tristis Fallén, 1823 3 0 Table 1. List of drosophilid fauna including the total number of specimens in IPM vineyards in northern Croatia (Međimurje County)Agric. conspec. sci. Vol. 81 (2016) No. 4233The Drosophilid Fauna (Diptera, Drosophilidae) of IPM Vineyards in CroatiaDrosophila subobscura Collin, 1936 (3%) and D. melanogaster (2%). While in vineyard SU the most common species were D. simulans (73%), D. melanogaster (19%) and D. suzukii (7%).Discussion Th e number of collected specimens and species diff ered sig-nifi cantly between the two study sites which could be explained by diff erences in ecological conditions of habitat that prevailed at the time of collection (Kekić et al., 1985). Th e collection period in vineyard DZ started more than a month earlier than in vine-yard SU, such than in specifi c microhabitats the weather condi-tions were considerably diff erent (e.g. lower air temperatures). Th e species composition in both sites studied were expected for semidomestic habitats of vineyards in which cosmopolitan and synantropic species such as D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. immigrans are represented (Kekić et al., 1995/98). Th e human infl uence on the development of diff erent species varied signifi cantly and depended upon many diff erent factors, such as available resources, degree of habitat disturbance and physical environmental conditions (Stanić et al., 2001). Th e best indica-tor of a human environment ‘’contamination’’ by products and activities is the presence of species D. melanogaster. Th is species is considered to be the most synantropic, entering human houses and cellars, and using his ex-products (litters) to lay eggs, while their larvae develop on fermented fruits, vegetables, mushrooms and other vegetative materials (Kekić et al., 1995/98). In vineyard DZ another polyphagous species (D. subobscu-ra) with adaptation potential to local conditions (Kekić et al., 1995/98), was recorded. However, D. subobscura is known as a forest species which dominates the majority of wild habitats in southeastern Europe (Kekić et al., 1995/98). In the contrast to vineyard SU, collecting site of vineyard DZ, is surrounded by forest so the presence of this species in this microhabitat was expected. Particularly interesting was the fi nding of other two species from Obscura group (Drosophila obscura Fallén, 1823 and D. tristis Fallén, 1823) at the same locality, whose ecology is quite unknown (Kekić et al., 1995/98).Surprisingly, the most abundant species of the total catch in vineyard DZ was the invasive alien species D. suzukii. Th is spe-cies was fi rstly recorded in Croatia in 2010 (Masten Milek et al., 2011) and evidently has become the dominant drosophilid spe-cies in the area. Th is species is able to infest and reproduce in a wide range of cultivated and wild hosts (Seljak, 2011). It prefers soft  skinned fruit including grapes Vitis vinifera L. which re-sulted in the fi rst observed economic damage to fruit produc-tion in Croatia (Mešić et al., 2017). Invasive alien arthropods can aff ect the economy and soci-ety, through their impact on agriculture, horticulture, forestry, stored products, human and animal health, or various services (Kenis and Branco, 2010). In recent decades, as a consequence of intensive global trade, a passive migration of alien Drosophila species has occurred (Kekić, 2002). In this research half of the de-tected drosophilid species have foreign origin and are character-ized as alien (and invasive: D. suzukii) to Europe. One new alien phytophagous drosophilid species (C. amoena) native to North America was detected (Pajač Živković et al., 2017). Although the appearance of alien species in new habitats presents a po-tential threat to biodiversity and agriculture, it also presents an important opportunity to follow up changes in the environment (Kekić, 2002). Considering the fact that the drosophilid fauna of Croatia has never been intensively investigated, discoveries of new alien and invasive species are likely to continue. ConclusionTh e faunistic research of drosophilids in agroecosystems revealed that alien species suppressed the synantropic species of semidomestic habitats of the investigated vineyards. Th ese results represent the fi rst insight into the still minimally ex-plored Croatian drosophilid fauna and will serve as a bench-mark for further faunistic research of family Drosophilidae in agroecosystems.References Adams M. D., Celniker S. E., Holt R. A., Evans C. A., Gocayne J. D., Amanatides P. G., Scherer S. E., Li P. W., Hoskins R. A., Galle R. F., et al. (94 co-authors) (2000). Th e genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster. Science 287: 2185-2195Bächli G. (2008). TaxoDros, the database on taxonomy of Drosophilidae. Available through: http://taxodros.uzh.ch (accessed on March 10th, 2017)Bächli G., Vilela C. R., Escher S. 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The Drosophilid Fauna (Diptera, Drosophilidae) of IPM Vineyards in Croatia

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The Drosophilid Fauna (Diptera, Drosophilidae) of IPM Vineyards in Croatia

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