Bendixen, Leo E.

Manuel, Juliana S.

Riedel, R. M.

KnowledgeBank at OSU

RESEARCH BULLETIN 1138 Weed Hosts the Soyb----NOVEMBER 1981 rodera glycines: st Nematode Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center Wooster, Ohio WEED HOSTS OF HETERODERA GLYCINES: THE SOYBEAN CYST NEMATODE J. S. Manuel, L. E. Bendixen and R. M. Riedel!/ Introduction Weeds are misfits. They are unwanted plants, ever present throughout the agricultural calendar. They interfere with man's activities and are significant negative factors in crop production. Weeds restrict crop production by competing directly with crop plants for the essentials of growth, such as light, water, mineral nutrients, and carbon dioxide. They lower profitability of crop production by lowering the market quality of farm products, increasing cost of production, and reducing land value and water utilization. Weeds are one of the major limiting factors in soybean production throughout the world. The presence of weeds in soybean fields was reported to reduce crop yields by 40 to 60 96, depending upon the intensity of infestation (2). Annual weeds, especially grasses, cause the most damage. In the United States, the average yield reduction due to weeds in 28 soybean growing states was 12 96 (23). Another aspect of the crop-weed association, which is not so readily recognized and appreciated as a negative factor in crop production, is that of weeds serving as hosts of organisms adversely affecting crops. Populations of these organisms can be maintained or increased to high levels on the weed species which provide them food, shelter, and reproductive sites, enabling them to persist in the field when crop hosts are not present. The Nematode The soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glydnes Ichinohe) is reported to be the most damaging nematode attacking soybeans. Breth (3) reported that it is a potential threat to every soybean field in the United States. This nematode is the causal organism of the yellow dwarf disease of soybeans, a devastating disease capable of causing total crop failure (4). The soybean cyst nematode is an endoparasitic worm. The second stage larvae enter the roots. Female nematodes protrude from the roots as small white lemon-shaped bodies. These small bodies are visible with the naked eye. Females turn yellow and brown upon maturity. Male nematodes are cylindrical in shape (21). The mature female soybean cyst nematode produces about 600 eggs. She retains most of these but lays about 200 eggs in the gelatinous mass outside her body. When the female dies, the body wall becomes hardened cyst which protects the enclosed progeny through prolonged periods of adverse conditions. These nematodes derive their name from this cyst. Cysts remain in the soil after the death of the host plant and the enclosed eggs can survive for many years (3, 21 ). The soybean cyst nematode can complete a life cycle in 23 to 27 days (8). Temperature is apparently an important factor. In Japan, the female nematode was reported to produce !!Graduate Student, Professor of Agronomy, and Professor of Plant Pathology, respectively, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 1 eggs in 24 days after entering the roots when the soil temperature was 740 F and in 41 days when the temperature was 640 F (11). In the United States, however, Skotland (20) reported that, at 750 F, female soybean cyst nematodes mature in 14 days and second generation larvae are produced in 21 days. In the southern states, five generations a season are possible (3). Damage High populations of the soybean cyst nematode in the field can result in significant reduction of soybean yield. It has been estimated that fields with established populations of the nematode can suffer yield losses as high as 50 to 80 96 (19). Reported losses from this pest in 1974 in 4 states out of the 13 states infested in that year were estimated to be more than $23 million (16). Soybean cyst nematodes lower yields by damaging the roots. The second stage larvae (the infective stage) penetrate the plant by puncturing the roots with their needle shaped mouth parts, the stylet, and move through the roots until they reach the conducting tissues, where they feed and mature. To facilitate feeding, the nematodes induce host cells to provide specific feeding sites containing specialized nutritive cells or syncytia (5). The larvae inject a digestive enzyme into the conducting tissues that breaks down cell walls, resulting in the accumulation of cellular materials which clog the conducting tissues and interfere with translocation (3). The above-ground symptoms of infected plants resemble those caused by other root pathogens, nutrient deficiencies, drought stress, poor drainage, or herbicide injury. Damaged areas in the field appeared as spots which may vary from a few square feet to several acres, with the most damage in the center (13). In highly infested fields, the plants are stunted and the leaves are yellow; in more severe cases, the plants die. To confirm infestation, diagnosis requires examination of the roots or soil and a microscopic study by a trained nematologist (7). Distribution and Occurrence The soybean cyst nematode was earlier known to occur only in East Asia (Japan, Korea, and Manchuria) but was later reported to occur also in other countries such as China, Egypt, Poland, Taiwan, and the United States (4, 16). In the United States, the soybean cyst nematode was reported to be present in 15 states. It was first discovered in the bulb growing areas of North Carolina in 1954-. It was found in Missouri and Tenne·ssee in 1956, in Arkansas, Kentucky, and Mississippi in 1957, and in Vi'rginia in 1958. It was later found in illinois, Indiana, Louisiana, Florida, Alabama, South Carolina, and Oklahoma. Its occurrence in. Ohio was reported in 1980 and was suspected to have been introduced with tomato transplants obtained from states infested with the nematode. Host Range Early reports on the host range of soybean cyst nematodes were restricted to the family Leguminosae (4, 17, 20). Later studies, however, revealed a wide range of host plants (6, 8, 9, 18, 22). These included both annual and perennial crops and weeds. Nematodes are obligate parasites and not all cultivated plants are suitable hosts. Their numbers decline if they are not located in areas or transported to areas where there are suitable hosts. In the absence of the cultivated hosts, weeds serve as alternative hosts (12). Studies conducted throughout the world have confirmed that weeds serve as hosts of nematodes which threaten cultivated crops. Odihirin and Adesida (14) reported that in Nigeria, species in more than 20 plant families served as hosts for root -knot nematodes 2 (Meloidogyne spp.). Nematode populations increased during the dry season after the annual crops were harvested. In the southern United States, nutsedge (Cyperus spp.) has been found to be a factor in maintaining damaging populations of many nematodes (10, 15). Sixty-six weed species belonging to nine plant families were reported suitable hosts of the soybean cyst nematode (Table 1). Species classified in the family Leguminosae were the most numerous, followed by Scrophulariaceae. These nine plant families are: Capparidaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Cruciferae, Geraniaceae, Labiatae, Leguminosae, Phytolaccaceae, Portulacaceae and Scrophulariaceae. Observations reported by Riggs and Hamblen (18) indicated that Linaria canadensis, Penstemon digitalis, and Verbascum thapsus of the family Scrophulariaceae maintained relatively high populations of the nematode. Cardamine parviflora var. arenicola and Geranium maculatum maintained significant numbers of cysts and increased the nematode population. Portulaca oleracea and Stellaria media failed to increase adequately the nematode population. However, the lower number of cysts recovered from them would prolong survival of the nematode infestation during an extended absence of more favorable hosts. Apparently the capacity of the nematode to maintain and reproduce in different weed species varies. Although a given weed species may not be as suitable a host as the crop or other weed species, the nematode may survive in such species and maintain a low population. It is significant that a particular weed has the potential to serve as a reservoir for the nematode in the absence of more suitable hosts. The weed can serve as a source of inoculum of the nematode for rapid infestation when soybeans or other suitable host crops are planted. The soybean cyst nematodes can spread rapidly in a variety of ways, such as use of contaminated seeds and other planting materials, movement of farm machinery and other implements, and natural agencies. Seeds may be contaminated with small balls of soil, called peds, at harvest. Peds from infested soils may contain cysts. The cysts in the peds contain the larvae and can survive normal seed storage (3, 16). Cysts may be found in the mud adhering to farm implements, machines, workmen's shoes, or other mud carrying items which may be transported to other areas. Wind, run-off water, livestock, and wildlife may carry cysts into clean areas. Water fowls and other birds feeding in infested fields may pick up cysts and carry them to other sites. Cysts can pass through the digestive systems of birds and swine and still remain alive {7, 8). Control of pests possessing such remarkable endowments for spread and survival as the soybean cyst nematode obviously cannot be accomplished through a conventional, single, direct approach such as localized soil fumigation, seed treatment, use of resistant varieties, and crop rotation. Application of nematicides to the soil reduces nematode population, but it is very expensive and has not proven effective year after year because cysts are generally not affected (8). Seed treatment is not practical. Chemicals and heat treatments that kill the larvae in the cysts also kill the crop seeds. The use of resistant varieties and crop rotation may provide satisfactory means of control. However, physiological races of this nematode exist and varieties of soybean resistant to one race may not necessarily be resistant to other races. Long term crop rotations of 3 to 4 years with non-host plants reduced _nematode population, but to be effective, suitable weed hosts must also be eradicated (7). In a situation such as this, a comprehensive integrated crop protection approach is essential. Obviously there is a need to develop and adopt an integrated multidisciplinary approach to pest control if the fight against crop pests is to be waged most effectively and successfully. 3 TABLE 1.-Weed Hosts of Soybean Cyst Nematode Plant Family Weed Species References Capparidaceae Cleome serrulata Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Caryophyllaceae Agrostemma githago Smart, 1964 C erastium vulgatum Smart, 1964 Graham, 1977 Stellaria media Smart, 1964 Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Graham, 1977 Geraniaceae Geranium maculatum Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Labiatae Lamium amplexicaule Epps and Chambers, 1958 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Graham, 1977 Crud ferae Cardamine parvifZora Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Leguminosae Astragalus canadensis Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Astragalus corrugatus Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Astragalus f alcatus Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Astragalus racemosus Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Astragalus sinicus Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Cassia tora Smart, 1964 Clianthu.s puniceus Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Crotolarta incana Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Crotolaria intermedia Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Crotolaria lanceolata Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Crotolaria mucronata Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Plant Family Leguminosae (cont.) Weed Species Crotolaria ochroleuca Desmodium ovali{olium Desmodium salicif olium Genista spp. Glycine ussuriensis Indigofera dosua Indigo{ era parodiana Indigofera sumatrana Laburnum spp. Lathyrus inconspicuus Lathyrus sativus Lathyrus tuberosus Lespedeza bicolor Lespedeza buerger Lespedeza stipulacea Lespedeza striata Lotus angustissimus Lupinus albus Lupinus hartweggii Lupinus mutabilis Lupinus pubescens Medicago arabica Medicago hispida Melilotus hirsuta 5 References Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Epps and Chambers, 19 58 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 R1ggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 R1ggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Plant Family Weed Species References Leguminosae (cont.) Phaseolus calcaratus Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Phaseolus lathyroides Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Pisum elatius Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Podalyria sericea Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Psorolea bituminosa Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Sesbania macrocarpa Epps and Chambers, 19 58 Spartium junceum Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Trifolium procumbens Graham, 1977 Trifolium semipilosum Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Vicia angustifolia Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Vicia hirsuta Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Vicia lutea Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Vicia tetrasperma Riggs and Hamblen, 1962 Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Portulacaceae Portulaca oleracea Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Scrophulariaceae Digitalis sp. Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Linaria canadensis Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Penstemon albertinus Smart, 1964 Penstemon digitalis Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 Penstemon glaber Smart, 1964 Penstemon grandiflorus Smart, 1964 P enstemon polyphyllus Smart, 1964 Penstemon unilateralis Smart, 1964 Verbascum thapsus Smart, 1964 Riggs and Hamblen, 1966 6 REFERENCES 1. Bendixen, L. E., D. A. Reynolds, and R. M. Riedel. 1979. An annotated bibliography of weeds as reservoirs for organisms affecting crops. I. Nematodes. Ohio Agri. Res. and Dev. Center. Research Bulletin 1109:1-64. 2. Bhan, V. M. 1975. Weeds associated with soybean and their control. pp. 147-156. In: Soybean Production Protection and Utilization. Proc. Conf. for Scientists of Africa, Middle East and Southeast Asia. October 14-17, 1974. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Intsoy Ser. No. 16. 3. Breth, S. A. 1968. The soybean cyst nematode threat. Crops and Soils 21(1):7-13. 4. Christie, J. R. 1959. The cyst nematodes. pp 80-85. In: Plant Nematodes: Their Bionomics and Control. XI 256. Univ. of Florida, Expt. Sta., Gainesville. 5. Dropkin, V. H. 1969. Cellular responses of plants to nematode infections. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 7:101-122. 6. Epps, J. M. and A. Y. Chambers. 1958. New host records of Heterodera glycines including one host in Labiatae. Plant Dis. Reptr. 42:148. 7. Goodman, R. M. 1975. Important nematode and virus diseases of soybeans. pp. 132-140. In: Soybean Production, Protection and Utilization. Proc. Conf. for Scientists of Africa, Middle East and Southeast Asia. October 14-17, 1974. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. lntsoy Ser. No. 16. 8. Graham, L. 1977. Rebel nematodes marching north. Soybean Dig. 38(2):10-11. 9. Gray, F. A., R. Rodriguez-Kahana, W. S. Gazaway and E. A. Armstrong. 1979. Occurrence and distribution of the soybean cyst nematode in Alabama. Plant Dis. Reptr. 63:267-269. 10. Hogger, C. H. and G. W. Bird. 1976. Weed and indicator hosts of plant parasitic nematodes in Georgia cotton and soybean fields. Plant Dis. Reptr. 60:223-226. 11. Ichinohe, M. 1955. Studies on the morphology and ecology of the soybean nematode, Heterodera glycines in Japan. Hokkaido Natl. Agric. Res. Exper. Sta. Rept. 48:64 pp. 12. Lehman, P. S. 1980. Weeds as reservoirs for nematodes that threaten field crops and nursery plants. Nemat. Cir. No. 66 Fla. Dept. Agric. and Consumer Service. Div. Plant Industry. 13. Mangold, G. 1979. Tiny pest carries clout. Soybean Dig. 39(4):30. 14. Odihirin, R. A. and T. 0. Adesida. 1975. Location and situation in which plant parasitic nematodes survive the dry season in Nigeria. Occassional Publication, Nigeria Society of Plant Protection 1:17. 15. Rhodes, H. L. 1964. Nutsedge an important host of plant nematodes in Florida. Plant Dis. Reptr. 48:994-995. 16. Riggs, R. D. 1977. Worldwide distribution of soybean cyst nematode and its importance. J. Nemat. 9:34-39. 7 17. Riggs, R. D. and M. L. Hamblen. 1962. Soybean cyst nematode host studies in the family Leguminosae. Arkansas Expt. Sta. Rep. Ser. 110. 18. Riggs, R. D. and M. L. Hamblen. 1966. Additional weed hosts of Heterodera glycines. Plant Dis. Reptr. 50:15-16. 19. Romander, L. 1980. Nematodes--the enemy below. Agric. Chern. Age 24(10):22 • . 20. Skotland, C. B. 1956. Life history and host range of soybean cyst nematode. Phytopath. 46:542-543. 21. Slack, D. A. 1958. Soybean cyst nematode. Ark. Farm Res. 7:2. 22. Smart, G. C. Jr. 1964. Physiological strain and one additional host of the soybean soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines. Plant Dis. Reptr. 48:542-453. 23. Zimdahl, R. L. 1980. Weed-crop competition a review. Intern. Plant Prot. Center. Oregon State University. Corvallis, Oregon. 8 74e State 16 de ~ /tJ.~t ~~ i!<e4elllled 4IUt ?)~ VEGETABLE CROPS BRANCH NORTHWESTERN e BRANCH • MUCK CltOPS e BRANCH WOOSTER • CENTER HEADQUARTERS MAHONING CO. FARMe NORTH APPALACHIAN EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED e WESTERN e BRANCH COLUMBUS • THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY JACKSON• BRANCH Ohio's maier soil types and climat1c conditions are represented at the Re-search Center's 12 locations. Research is conducted by 15 depart-ments on more than 7000 acres at Center headquarters in Wooster, eight branches, Pomerene Forest Laboratory, North Appa-lachian Experimental Watershed, and The Ohio State University. Center Headquarters, Wooster, Wayne County: 1953 acres Eastern Ohio Resource Development Cen-ter, Caldwell, Noble County: 2053 acres Jackson Branch, Jackson, Jackson Coun-ty: 502 acres Mahoning County Farm, Canfield: 275 acres • POMERENE FOREST LABORATORY EASTERN OHIO RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT CENTER • Muck Crops Branch, Willard, Huron Coun-ty: 15 acres North Appalachian Experimental Water-shed, Coshocton, Coshocton County: 1 047 acres (Cooperative with Science and Education Administration/ Agri-cultural Research, U. S. Dept. of Agri-culture) Northwestern Branch, Hoytville, Wood County: 247 acres Pomerene Forest Laboratory, Coshocton County: 227 acres Southern Branch, Ripley, Brown County: 275 acres Vegetable Crops Branch, Fremont, San-dusky County: 1 OS acres Western Branch, South Charleston, Clark County: 428 acres 

Weed hosts of Heterodera glycines: the soybean cyst nematode

https://kb.osu.edu/bitstream/1811/62961/1/OARDC_research_bulletin_n1138.pdf

Weed hosts of Heterodera glycines: the soybean cyst nematode

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

KnowledgeBank at OSU