The present study is an attempt to explore the diversity and distribution of lichen flora of Terai region of Kumaun Himalaya of Uttarakhand, which includes different localities of district Udham Singh Nagar, Ramnagar and Jim Corbett Tiger Reserve. An enumeration of 146 species belonging to 46 genera and 24 families is provided, based on the account of lichen species published in literature, specimens preserved in herbarium and fresh collection of lichens from localities not explored earlier. Based on the available diversity and distribution pattern of lichens, an attempt has been made to map, distinguish the polluted and non-polluted localities of the study area

Mishra, Shiksha

Srivastava, A. K.

Upreti, D. K.

English

India is a second largest rice growing countries in the world. A large number of unskilled laborers are employed for paddy processing. In rice mills, most of the workers have shown adverse health effects associated with occupational exposure to rice husk dust (WHO, 1968). Present study was conducted to determine the hematological disorders in rice mill workers in rural/urban areas of Uttar Pradesh. Total numbers of 100 blood samples were collected from rural and urban area from rice mill workers of Shahjahanpur district. Majority of hematological test parameters showed reduced levels in rice mill workers. This study may helpful in preventing longstanding harmful effects of such exposures. It is also useful for preventing environmental risks. It is concluded that rice husk dust causes deterioration of hematological parameters in subjects working at rice mill 4. The findings of this study recognized the role of rice husk dust for a longer duration in decline of hematological parameters as per tests conducted among rice mills workers

Tripathi, Ahinsa

Singh, N. B.

Singh, R. K.

G-Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (GJEST)

Hematological disorders in Rice mill workers of district Shahjahanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

41  G- Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 3(5): (2016)                         ISSN (Online): 2322-0228 (Print): 2322-021X G- Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal) Available online at http://www.gjestenv.com   Studies on seasonal occurrence and intensity of infection of Dactylogyrus megavaginalis n. sp.  on Cirrhinus mrigala Sunita Rai Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, U.P., INDIA  ARTICLE INFO  Received: 26 July 2016 Revised  : 26 Aug  2016 Accepted: 06 Sep  2016 ABSTRACT An attempt has been made to study seasonal variation of Dactylogyrus megavaginalis n. sp. on Cirrhinus mrigala (cyprinid). Study was carried out for two years and intensity of infection was recorded. A total of 1561 specimens of D. megavaginalis n. sp. were collected from 184 infected fishes, out of 360 examined. Infection starts rising in September and October reaching the peak in April, May and June. The infection pattern shows that the medium-sized fishes are most affected followed by small-sized and large-sized in that order.  Key words: Monogenoidea Dactylogyrus, seasonal variation, intensity of infection, age-size relationship  1) INTRODUCTION Dactylogyrus megavaginalis n. sp. a monogenoidean parasite of Cirrhinus mrigala Hamilton, (1822) a commercially important major carp were regularly collected for about two years (2006 & 2007) to study the fluctuation in monogenoidean population in this fish in Butler palace pond at Lucknow, where this fish is reared. 2) MATERIAL AND METHODS  Fishes for this study were either collected by drag net or purchased from fishermen who regularly collected this fish for marketing. To study the monthly fluctuation of the parasites, 360 fishes were examined and samples were drawn at the rate of 30 fishes examined per month throughout the year and the total number of parasites was recorded. For studies on seasonal variation, different data were collected and subjected to statistical analysis for the following parameters:  1. Percentage of Infection. 2. Intensity of Infection.  Following formulae were used for above parameters:  Percentage of Infection =  Number of fishes infected × 100                                                                                                                Number of host examined   Intensity of Infection    =    Total worm burden                                   Number of fishes infected  To study the infection in different size groups of the host, 426  fishes were examined out of which 360 fishes were found infected with Dactylogyrus species. 66 fishes were found free from infection and have not been taken into account. The fishes were divided into three categories viz., small (below 5 inches), medium (between 6 – 10 inches) and large (above 10 inches). 3) RESULTS  A total of 1561 specimens of D. megavaginalis n. sp. were collected from 184 infected fishes, out of 360 examined. Monthly fluctuation of these parasites is given in Table 1. Distribution of parasites in different sizes of host is presented in Table 2. By analyzing the data from Table 1, it is apparent that the seasonal fluctuation in the population of D. megavaginalis n. sp. shows a sharp continuous fall from July and August up to February. However, infection starts rising in September and October reaching the peak in April, May and June. Maximum number of worms was recorded in the month of May (315) while minimum in August (27).  It was also observed that where the number of worms was high, their size was smaller as compared to the parasites which were less in number in the host. It seems from Table 2 that the intensity of infection varies with the size of host. The infection pattern shows that the medium-sized fishes are most affected followed by small-sized and large-sized in that order.   * Corresponding Author: Dr. Sunita Rai Email address: surender.krai@gmail.com   42  Table 1. Showing number of Cirrhinus mrigala examined, found infected and Percentage and Intensity of infection from January 2006 – December 2006.  More or less same result was obtained during January 2007 – December 2007  Table 2: Showing distribution of parasites in different sizes of host. Length of the fish No. of fishes examined No. of fishes infected Below 5 inches 142 96 Between 6 – 10 inches 142 114 Above 10 inches 142 50  4) DISCUSSION  The fluctuation in the population of a parasite in a host depends both on abiotic and biotic factors as discussed by Dogiel [1]. In the present studies abiotic factors were not taken into account. Among the biotic factors the population fluctuation in parasite is influenced by (1) age (2) feeding habit (3) availability of host. Dogiel [1] postulated a rule correlating the increase in intensity and incidence of infection with age of fish. However, in the present study the monogenoidean D. megavaginalis n. sp. behaves differently from Dogiel’s [1] observation. From the above observation it is apparent that age of fish plays an important role in the acquisition and fluctuation in the population of parasite. It is observed that medium-sized fishes are most prone to infection. It can be interpreted that in older fishes probably some sort of age resistance is developed and in turn parasite population starts declining. Thus intensity of infection is low in fishes above 10 inches. Similar trends have been recorded for Digeneans by Layman [2] and Srivastava and Mukherjee [3]. Wunder [4], Uspenskaya [5] and Paperna [6] have held that the decrease in incidence and intensity of D. vastator in second half of the summer was most likely on account of formation of epithelial outgrowths on the gill lamellae on which the parasites were unable to survive and so died. Similar observations were made by Bauer & Nikol’skaya [7], Prost [8] and Paperna [6] in D. extensus and Wilde [9] in D. macracanthus. From monthly fluctuation it is seen that the infection shows a decline in rainy and winter months. This may be due to the role of temperature in the life cycle of the worms. Dogiel [1] also reported higher infection rate of monogeneans during the summer months. In winter months the temperature became quite low hampering the normal development of eggs. Similarly in rainy season chances of infection is also reduced due to rainfall and rapid flow of water. Fig 1: showing Percentage of infection of D. megavaginalis  Fig 2: showing Intensity of infection of D. megavaginalis   5) CONCLUSION It can be concluded that parasitic fauna of cyprinids is greatly influenced by biotic factors. Since, there is no published work on seasonal occurrence of D. megavaginalis prior to this; the present work can form the baseline for further research and comparative studies. The study shows maximum parasitic density in April-May which indicates the role of temperature Months Number of fishes examined (a) Number of fishes infected (b) Number of parasites collected (c) Percentage of infection Intensity of infection January 30 8 30 26.6 3.75 Feb. 30 12 109 40 6 March 30 21 198 70 9.4 April 30 25 270 83.3 10.8 May 30 26 315 86.6 12.1 June 30 22 242 73.3 11 July 30 10 96 33.3 9.6 August 30 9 27 30 3 Septem. 30 12 54 40 4.5 October 30 17 118 56.6 6.9 Novem. 30 12 64 50 5.3 Decem. 30 10 38 33.3 3.8 43  in the life cycle of parasites. The study also presents the evidence that intensity of infection varies with the size of the host. Acknowledgement Thanks are due to Prof. Nirupama Agrawal, Head of Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow for providing necessary facilities to perform this work. The author is also grateful to Dr. Deepak Agrahari and Dr. Amita Devak for their valuable suggestions.  REFERENCES 1) Dogiel, V.A. 1956. In Parasitology of fishes. Dogiel et al ed. [English translation by Z. Kabata] Oliver & Byod, London. 2) Layman, E.M. 1955. The age dynamics of infestation of fish with parasites. Tr. Mosrybutuza, 7, 15-17.   3) Srivastava, C.B. and Mukherjee, G.D. 1976. Studies on the incidence of infestation of Isoparochis hypselobagri (Billet, 18980 metacercaria in two species of fishes of the genus Mystus. J. Zool. Soc. India, 26(1&2) 131-137. 4) Wunder, W. 1929. Die Dactylogyruskrankheit der  karpfenbrut, ihre Ursache und ihre Bekampfung, noch vierjahrigen Untersuchungen in Sschlesischen Teichwwirtschaften. Z. Fisch., Neudamn U. Berlin, 27, 511 – 545. 5) Uspenskaya, A.V. 1961 Influence of Dactylogyrus vastator Nybelin, 1924 (Monogenoides, Dactylogyridae) on the organism of carp. [in Russian, Eng. Sum.] Zool. Zh., 40, 7 – 12. 6) Paperna, I. 1964. Adaptation of Dactylogyrus extensus (Mueller and Van Cleave, 1952) to ecological conditions of artificial ponds in Israel. J. Parasitol., 50, 90 – 93. 7) Bauer, O.N., and Nikol’skaya N.P. 1954. Dactylogyrus solidus Achmerow, its biology, development and significance in fish breeding. [in Russian] Trundy Probl. Temat. Soveschch. Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk SSSR, 4, 99 – 109. 8) Prost, M. 1963. Investigations on the development and pathogenecity of D. anchoratus (Duj., 1845) and D. extensus (Mueller et Van Cleave, 1932) for breeding carps. [in English, Polish sum.] Acta Parasitol. Pol., 11, 17 – 48. 9) Wilde, J. 1937. Fortpflanzung und Entwicklung des Schleien-dactylogyrus (Dactylogyrus macracanthus). Fisch.-ztg. 40, 309-311. 

Distribution, Diversity of Lichens in Terai region of Kumaun with reference to Environmental Pollution

India is a second largest rice growing countries in the world. A large number of unskilled laborers are employed for paddy processing. In rice mills, most of the workers have shown adverse health effects associated with occupational exposure to rice husk dust (WHO, 1968). Present study was conducted to determine the hematological disorders in rice mill workers in rural/urban areas of Uttar Pradesh. Total numbers of 100 blood samples were collected from rural and urban area from rice mill workers of Shahjahanpur district. Majority of hematological test parameters showed reduced levels in rice mill workers. This study may helpful in preventing longstanding harmful effects of such exposures. It is also useful for preventing environmental risks. It is concluded that rice husk dust causes deterioration of hematological parameters in subjects working at rice mill. The findings of this study recognized the role of rice husk dust for a longer duration in decline of hematological parameters as per tests conducted among rice mills workers

Distribution, Diversity of Lichens in Terai region of Kumaun with reference to Environmental Pollution

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