Pesticides are the chemical used for the protection of crops from the pests. pesticides have significant effect on agricultural economic by increasing the production as well as yield and also inhibit the vector-borne diseases, but the execs and an inadequate use generate unfavorable conditions for environment and produce pollution (water, air and soil).&nbsp; Pesticide pollution in water bodies is one of the major issues. Pesticides through water easily get involved in food chain. Pesticide contamination in water and its effect on pregnant women is discuses in the given review

Chanda, Sameer

Saxena, Richa

Singh, Jaspal

English

India is facing some significant air pollution dilemmas since last 10 years and it's increasing at a worrying rate. Researchers Conclude that when the pollution level keeps on increasing at the current rate, the life span would decline at least 10 years in some parts of the country by 2022. Automobiles are the primary supply of air pollution in India's major cities. The current time vehicle exhausts situation is dependent upon improvements in perspective, type of vehicles, models, and year of manufactures. In India, transportation sectors produces an estimated 261 tonnes of CO2, that 94.5% is contributed by road transport. The transportation sectors in India consume about 17% of total energy and responsible for a 60% production of the greenhouse gases from numerous activities. The pollution from automobile is a result of release like CO, unburnt HC, Pb, NO2 and SO2 and SPM primarily from tailpipes. The aim of this study was to examine the automobile pollution and traffic congestion at different locations of Bareilly. The CO emission at these locations was observed with CO-84 Monitor during peak hours. These values were interpreted with NAAQ standards and places where the deviation occurred were identified

Rajesh Kumar  Dubey

Agam  Dayal

Directory of Open Access Journals

Analysis of Carbon Emission due to Automobile exhaust at Bareilly City, India

Dubey, Rajesh Kumar

Dayal, Agam

G-Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (GJEST)

57  * Corresponding Author: Dr. Jaspal Singh Email address: jaspalsingh_lko@yahoo.co.in   G- Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 5(5): 57-60 (2018)         ISSN (Online): 2322-0228 (Print): 2322-021X G- Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal) Available online at http://www.gjestenv.com  Pesticide Contamination in Potable Water and its Health Effects on Pregnant Women Richa Saxena1, Sameer Chanda2 and Jaspal Singh1*  1Department of Environmental Science, Bareilly College, Bareilly, 243005, U.P., INDIA 2Department of Plant Science, MJP Rohilkhand University, Bareilly, 243006, U.P., INDIA  ARTICLE INFO  Received: 04 Fab  2018 Revised:   12 Mar 2018 Accepted: 20 Apr 2018 ABSTRACT Pesticides are the chemical used for the protection of crops from the pests. pesticides have significant effect on agricultural economic by increasing the production as well as yield and also inhibit the vector-borne diseases, but the execs and an inadequate use generate unfavorable conditions for environment and produce pollution (water, air and soil).  Pesticide pollution in water bodies is one of the major issues. Pesticides through water easily get involved in food chain. Pesticide contamination in water and its effect on pregnant women is discuses in the given review.  Key words: Pesticide, Food chain, Vector born disease, Pregnant women 1) INTRODUCTION Pesticides are defined as chemical substances, which are employed to kill pests. Pests are the organisms which deteriorate the quality of the crops in the field some time it damages all the standing crop. In this manner it also affects the economy adversely. Thus, the chemicals used to regulate the pest population are considered as the pesticides. Some pesticides are naturally derived, such as plant extracts, while most are man-made chemicals. The extensive use of anthropogenic pesticides began in the 1940s when production rapidly grew and spread throughout the world. Pesticides are credited as part of the “green revolution” in India which raised agricultural productivity and yields. The pesticides are characterized as Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides, Rodentcides, Molluscicides, Nematocides, in order to control weeds and pests in crops.  In Indian scenario the concentration of pesticides residue was observed higher in Yamuna river Delhi, Ganga river at Bhagalpur and Allahabad [1]. Kanchana et. al., [2] in their study of pesticide residues at Mysore city India, reported that concentration of pesticide residue found higher than USEPA specifies upper limit of 0.6 μg/l for phthalates in water.  Yadav et al., [3] discus the health impact of persistent organic pesticides, in India and its neighbouring countries and found that the concentrations of pesticide are higher.  Modern agricultural practices need pesticide to fulfil the food demand of increasing population which results in contamination of the environment.  In India, after the introduction of Green revolution there is increasing of crop production was noted up to 100% whereas, there is only 20% of land use is increase for the crop production. Pesticides play an important role in achieving the maximum crop production but maximum usage and accumulation of pesticide residues is highly harmful to aquatic and another ecosystem.  2) PESTICIDE CONTAMINATION IN WATER Pesticides are use at the crop lands and mix with the irrigation water which in turn leach through the soil or flow to the nearest water reservoir and degrade the natural water properties. During monsoon season enrichment of agriculture compound (fertilizers and pesticide) was note dense [4]  Water is essential for life, it is impossible for living being to survive without it. The major part of water on earth is marine water, which cannot be used of humans without processing.  Water arise from ground water is chiefly used for the portable purpose. Pesticides are often used in lawns and sceneries, playgrounds, parks, homes, schools’ gardens, fields and farms. The pesticides then overflow or get mixed into surface water or pass through soil by leaching into groundwater. The pesticide contaminated water makes its way through drains, get mixed into water bodies. Pesticides pollutes drinking water can lead to cancer, reproductive system failures, birth problems, genetic disorder to unborn babies and pregnant women, nervous and immune system disorders [5]. Water is the most important factor for feasible agriculture as it plays an important role in sustainability of all life forms. Also, through direct contact pesticides can get into our body in several ways, through breathing, ingest them by eating, or they penetrate through our skin. 4) ACUTE TOXICITY Acute toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause harmful effects which develop rapidly following exposure, i.e.  few hours or a day [6]. There is a great range in the toxicity of pesticides to humans. The relative hazard of a pesticide is dependent upon the toxicity of the pesticide, the dose and the length of time exposed. Human exposure to pesticide may lead to acute pesticide poisoning resulting in fatigue, headaches and body aches, skin uneasiness, skin rashes, poor concentration, weakness, circulatory problems, unsteadiness, nausea, vomiting, excessive sweating, impaired vision, shivering, panic attacks, cramps, etc., and in severe cases its leads to coma and death [7].    58                                                           3) HEALTH EFECTS OF PESTICIDES  Table 1 Commonly Used Pesticides and their Health Effect Pesticides Common Use Health Effects 2,4-D Lawns Cancer, Endocrine disruption, Reproductive effects, Neurotoxicity, Kidney/liver damage, Sensitizer/Irritant,  Birth/Developmental defects Dicamba Lawns/Farms Reproductive effects , Neurotoxicity,  Kidney/Liver damage, Sensitizer/Irritant,  Birth/Developmental defects Fipronil Indoor/Out door Baits,  Pet care Cancer,  Endocrine disruption,  Neurotoxicity,  Kidney /liver damage,  Sensitizer/Irritant Glyphosate Lawns/Outdoor/Farms Cancer,  Reproductive effects, Neurotoxicity, Kidney/Liver damage,  Sensitizer/Irritant Permethrin Mosquitoes/headlice/ Garden Cancer ,  Endocrine disruption ,  Reproductive effects ,  Neurotoxicity ,  Kidney/Liver damage , Sensitizer/Irritant Source- [6]  WATER SOURCES OF GROUNDWATER /SURFACE WATER BEING AFFECTED STREAMS & RIVERS BEING AFFECTED DITCHES, STREAMS, PONDS & RIVERS BEING AFFECTED Indirect/non-point entry Direct/point entry WATER SOURCES OF DITCHES, STREAMS, PONDS & RIVERS BEING AFFECTED GROUNDWATER BEING AFFECTED GROUNDWATER/ SURFACE WATER BEING AFFECTED Spray Drift Volatilisation Surface Runoff Interflow Drain Flow Leaching Base flow seepage DIRECT ENTRY INCLUDINGOVERSPRAY Consented CONSENTED DISCHARGES TANK FILLING SPILLAGES FAULTY  EQUIPMENT WASHINGS & WASTE DISPOSAL SUMPS, SOAKAWAYS & DRAINAGE ENTRY ROUTES Figure 1 A model showing pesticides entering waters via diffuse and point pathway  Source: [5]  59 5) CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS Chronic toxicity is the ability of a substance to cause adverse health effects resulting from long-term exposure to a substance. Continue consumption of pesticide contaminated water can pose severe health threats to regular contact person. Long-term pesticide exposure was found to be associated with increased abnormality of nerve conductions, especially in sensory nerves. It also affects a wide range of health indicators based on blood tests and decrease the tibial nerve compound muscle action potential amplitudes and acute illness if the exposure is over a longer period, even if the quantities taken up are comparatively small [8]. Pesticides that are commonly used today have been classified on the basis of animal testing as possibly carcinogenic for humans. 6) HEALTH EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON PREGNANT WOMENS AND    CHILDRENS All pesticides have some level of toxicity and have some risk during pregnancy. The risk depends on the toxicity level of the pesticide ingredients and how much of the pesticide exposed to the pregnant women [9]. Pesticide exposure during pregnancy has an increased chance of childhood cancer to the new born. Researchers have accepted that pesticides in maternal blood can cross the placenta and produce fatal exposures [10]. During pregnancy, the baby's brain, nervous system, and organs are developing rapidly and are more sensitive to the toxic effects of pesticides. That’s why, it is important to minimize exposure to pesticides during pregnancy [11]. The prenatal exposure to organo chlorine pesticides is related with a range of harmful consequences [9], skin contact, inhalation and food chain are the main routes for the retention of pesticides into the human body. Pesticide exposure increases the risk of some non-cancer health effects i.e. neurologic, reproductive, and genotoxic effects. Pregnant women’s are more prone to pesticides and its consequence are altered growth, low birth weight, foetus death and other reproductive problems can cause due to the pesticide exposure [12]. Developmental diseases, such as birth defects, growth restriction, functional alterations and preterm delivery, account for more than 25% infant mortality rate [11]. Outcomes of pesticide exposure during pregnancy were preterm birth, hypertension or preeclampsia [13]. Miscarriage, delayed growth of foetus, birth defects and increased risk for certain illnesses in the new born [14]. Although the amount, timing and length of pesticide exposure mark the impact in some cases even low levels of exposure can put the foetus at risk [15]. Due to differences in physiology behaviour, children are more influenced to environmental threat than adult. Children have negative effects of pesticides because of developmental, dietary, and physiologic factors. Exposure occurs through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact. Accidental ingestion by children may be at a remarkably higher dose than an adult because of the greater intake of food or fluids per pound of body weight. Children show frequent hand-to-mouth activity, and this is an important source of increased exposure in comparison with adults [16]. A generous amount of observational epidemiological data determines a link between pesticide exposure and childhood cancer, however, the evidence includes studies that found no combination between childhood cancers and pesticides or few combinations that cannot be ruled out as a chance finding. Overall, the existing literature shows an association of pesticides with leukaemia, brain tumour, and neurobehavioral effects [17].  7) CONCLUSION Pesticides are widely and commonly used for controlling pests  in agricultural practices due to its easily availability and low cost. Pesticides have contaminated almost of our environment mostly ground water through the leaching process of agriculture residue worldwide, Pesticide cause significant risks to the environment and non-target organisms especially pregnant women and their new fetus. It is necessary to reduce the use of pesticide in agricultural practices as were as their household use and encourage the people for its best alternative uses. To decrease over revelation of population from extensive environmental contamination by pesticide residue, to control the applications and current agricultural, industrial, and household, environment and in the foods [18]. REFERENCES 1) Agrawal, A., Pandey, R.S., Sharma, B. 2010. Water Pollution with Special Reference to Pesticide Contamination in India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection,  2, 432-448 2) Kanchana, M., Somashekar, M., Manjunath, K. C.  2015. Contamination of Water Sources in Mysore City by Pesticide  Residues and Plasticizer – A Cause of Health Concern.  Aquatic Procedia , 4, 1184-1188 3) Yadav, I.C., Devi, N.M., Syed, J.H.,  Cheng, Z.,  Li J., Zhang,  G., Jones, K.C. 2015. Current status of persistent organic pesticides residues in air, water, and soil, and their possible effect on neighboring countries: A comprehensive review of India. Science of the Total Environment.  51 (1), 123-133 4) Li, D.P., Wu, Z. J., 2008. Impact of chemical fertilizers application on soil ecological environment. Ying Yong Sheng Tai Xue Bao, 19 (11),58–65 5) Zhao, Y.,Q., Singleton, P., Meredith, S. and Rennick, G., W. 2013.  Current status of pesticides application and their residue in the water environment in Ireland. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 70 (1), 59-72. 6) Muhammad, H., 2015. Pesticides and drinking water. Journal of Advance Botany And Zoology. 3(1),01-05 7) A Beyond Source Pesticide Fact Sheet 8) Alavanja, M. C., Hoppin, J. A.,  Kamel, F. 2004. Health effects of chronic pesticide exposure: cancer and neurotoxicity. Annual Review of Public Health. 25,155-192 9) Ruifa, H., Hang, X., Huang, J., Yifan, L., Zhang, C., Yanhong, Y., Chen, Z., Y., Jin, J. Cai, Cui F., 2015. Long- and short-term health effects of pesticide exposure, A Chort study from China. PLOS One. 10(6),1-13 10) Eskenazi, B., Rosas L.G., Marks, A. R., Bradman, A., Harley, K.., Holland, N., Johnson, C., Fenster, L., Barr, D.B. 2008. Pesticide toxicity and the developing brain. Basic Clin.Pharmacol.Toxcol.,102 (2),128-136 11) Barr, D. B., Bishop, A., Needham, L. L. 2007. Repro. Toxicol.  23(3),260-266 12) Wang, L., Tiejian, W., Xuefeng, L., James, L A. Arsham, A,, Maosun, F.J.L., 2013. Pesticide exposure during pregnancy and low birth weight. WHO South-East Asia Journal of Public Health. 1(3), 232-238 60 13) Sanborn, M., Kerr, K. J., Sanin, L.H., Cole, D.C., Bassil, K.L., Vakil, C. 2007. Non-cancer effects of pesticides: systematic review and implications for family doctors. Can Fam Physician. 53(10),1712-1720 14) Snijder, C.A., Vlot IJ, Burdorf A, 2012. Congenital heart defects and parental occupational exposure to chemicals. Hum Reprod. 227,1510–1517 15) Letizia, Da Sacco and Andrea, Masotti. 2012, Children do not like arsenic in their food, Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 22, 424–425 16) Ray, D. E., Fry J. R., 2006. A reassessment of the neurotoxicity of pyrethroid insecticides. Pharmacol Ther. 111(1),174-93 17) James, R. R., Catherine, J. K.., 2012. Pesticide Exposure in Children. Pediatrics.130 (6), 1757-1763 18) Carvalho, P. L., 2017. Pesticide, Environment and Food Safety. Food and Energy Security. 6(2),48–60  

Pesticides are the chemical used for the protection of crops from the pests. pesticides have significant effect on agricultural economic by increasing the production as well as yield and also inhibit the vector-borne diseases, but the execs and an inadequate use generate unfavorable conditions for environment and produce pollution (water, air and soil).  Pesticide pollution in water bodies is one of the major issues. Pesticides through water easily get involved in food chain. Pesticide contamination in water and its effect on pregnant women is discuses in the given review

Richa  Saxena

Sameer  Chanda

Jaspal  Singh