The  lignin  stands  out  by  a  very  large  range  of  applications  in extremely  various  domains.  The  adsorption-desorption  capacity,  ion  exchange capacity and its catalytic properties are just a few specific characteristics which are  emphasizing  the  importance  of  harnessing  the  lignins.  In  this  paper  is shown by sedimentometrical analyses that lignin can be used in agriculture and zootech.  The  sarkanda  grass  lignin  (L2)  offered  by  the  Granit  Recherche Developement  S.A.  company, Lausanne-Schwitzerland  was  synthesized  from annual plants

Ariton, Adina-Mirela

Jităreanu, Carmenica Doina

Popa, V. I.

Trofin, Alina Elena

Ungureanu, Elena

Ungureanu, O. C.

Ungureanu, O.C.

Trofin, Alina-Elena

Jităreanu, Carmenica-Doina

Popa, V.I.

ALSE Repository

LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (1) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 23 GRAVITATIONAL SEDOMENTOMETRICAL ANALYSES APPLIED TO THE SARKANDA GRASS LIGNIN  ANALIZE SEDIMENTOMETRICE GRAVITAŢIONALE APLICATE LIGNINEI DIN IARBĂ  UNGUREANU Elena1*, UNGUREANU O.C.2 , TROFIN Alina1 ARITON Adina-Mirela3, JITĂREANU Carmenica Doina1, POPA V.I. 4 *Corresponding author e-mail: eungureanu@uaiasi.ro  Abstract. The lignin stands out by a very large range of applications in extremely various domains. The adsorption-desorption capacity, ion exchange capacity and its catalytic properties are just a few specific characteristics which are emphasizing the importance of harnessing the lignins. In this paper is shown by sedimentometrical analyses that lignin can be used in agriculture and zootech. The sarkanda grass lignin (L2) offered by the Granit Recherche Developement S.A. company, Lausanne-Schwitzerland was synthesized from annual plants. Key words: sedomentometrical analyses, sarkanda  grass lignin, density, pycnometer, sedomentometrical curves  Rezumat. Lignina se remarcă printr-o gamă  foarte largă de aplicaţii în domenii extrem de diverse. Capacitatea de absorbţie-desorbţie, capacitatea de schimb ionic, proprietăţile catalitice sunt doar câteva repere specifice care recomandă şi evidenţiază importanţa valorificării ligninelor. În această lucrare, se arată prin sedimentarea gravitaţională, că lignina  se poate utiliza în agricultură  şi zootehnie, Lignina sarkanda grass lignin (L2)  oferită de firma Granit Recherche Developement S.A. Lausanne-Elveţia a fost sintetizată din plante anuale.  Cuvinte cheie: analize sedimentometrice, lignină din iarbă, densitate, picnometru, curbe sedimentometrice INTRODUCTION Lignin comprises as much as 30 percent of wood's mass and therefore the development of novel technologies for the use of lignin in composites is an attractive, environmentally intelligent goal (Area et al, 2014). Until now, the attempts to develop an industry, which would put in good use residual lignin, had only partial success. This situation is due especially with a lot of difficulties met in usage and processing of the lignin (Popa, 2015, 2016). These difficulties are connected to its complex chemical structure, different chemical units, chemical bonds with other components and a great capacity of this                                                           1University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Iasi, Romania 2“V.Goldiş” West University of Arad, Romania 3Station for Cattle Breedind, Dancu, Iasi, Romania 4 “Gh. Asachi” Technical University of Iasi, Romania. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (1) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 24 natural aromatic polymer to be modified irreversibly during chemical reactions or under the action of physical agents. It is known that lignin has a very complex structure, which varies depending on the plant species, separation method and modification reactions that may induce particular characteristics (Ungureanu, 2011).  One of the pursued directions refers to ameliorating the properties of lignin resulted from processes of chemical wood and annual plants processing through reactions that may lead to increased functionality and diversification of the fields of use for lignin. Due to its regeneration, capacity through photosynthesis, vegetal biomass and its components (including lignin) will become in the future sources of raw material with a high degree of capitalization (Ungureanu et al, 2006, Căpraru et al, 2009). In this paper is shown by sedimentometrical analyses that lignin can be used in agriculture and zootechnics, cellulose and paper industry, constructions, metallurgy or as catalysts. MATERIAL AND METHOD The following materials have been used: -  Sarkanda grass lignin (L2), offered by Granit Recherché Dévelopement, having the characteristics described in table 1. Table 1  Characteristics of sarkanda grass lignin L2 Characteristics L2 Relative humidity, % 5.20 Ash, % 2.40 pH in suspension 3.20 Manganese, % 0.69 Nitrogen, % 1.2 Uronic acid, % 0 Solubility in acids, % 2 Insolubility in acids, % 87  - RS-71 Tensio-tixometer gravimetric sedimentation balance; - Steel ball crusher; - Toluene; - Distilled water. Methods - picnometer method; - gravitational sedimentometrical method. Work procedure: 45 g of sarkanda grass lignin were weighed, crushed for 30 min. and dissolved in 1L of distilled water.  The electrostatic forces of attraction between the hydroxylic groups of the lignin and the dipoles of the dissociated water are so powerful that a colloidal-hydric aggregate is formed and its volume is smaller that the sum of volumes that interact (water-lignin). Experimental data were statistically processed with the aid of the Unscrambler application. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (1) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 25  RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Based on the standard curve (fig.1) 10 sedimentation curves were plotted according to the dependence q(g) = f(t, s), and the experimental data are also listed in tables.   Fig. 1 The standard curve   10 sedimentation curves in q(mm) = f(t, s) coordinates were obtained using RS-71 Tensio-tixometer under constant conditions (mass lignin = 45 g/L water).   Fig. 2 Exemple of sedimentation curve   These sedimentation curves were also listed in table 2. LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (1) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 26 Table 2 Parameter values of the sedimentation curves No det. t (mm) t (sec) q (mm) q (g) 1 3 7.85 3.51 0.25 2 6 15.7 5.1 0.41 3 9 23.49 7.0 0.59 4 12 31.40 8.0 0.60 5 15 39.25 9.0 0.73 6 18 47.10 10.6 0.82 7 21 54.95 11.0 0.86 8 24 62.80 11.4 0.85 9 27 70.65 12.0 0.90 10 30 78.50 12.6 0.98 11 33 86.35 12.7 0.98 12 36 94.20 13.0 1.02 13 39 102.05 13.6 1.03 14 42 109.90 13.6 1.04 15 45 117.75 14.0 1.11 16 48 125.60 14.0 1.11 17 51 133.45 14.6 1.18 18 54 141.30 14.6 1.18 19 57 149.15 14.7 1.18 20 60 157.00 14.8 1.18  Further on it was obtained the most expected sedimentation curve plotting the values of sediment quantity, q(g) and time t(s), for the reproductible measurements (2, 3, 4, 5, 9) (fig. 3). q(g)t(s) Fig. 3 General sedimentation curve  Measurements 1, 6, 7 and 10 are not reproductible due to a non-uniform distribution of the scattered particles obtained before the recordings (fig. 4a. and b.). Based on the general theory of sedimentation in gravimetric field of micro-heterogeneous systems, the radius boundaries of the scattered particles in ground lignin were evaluated. According to the determinations performed the amount of LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (1) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 27 deposited lignin was Q = 1.18 g. In order to determine the density of lignin, the picnometer method was employed. In table 3 are presented the values obtained experimentally by weighing or theoretically determined.      Fig. 4 Sedimentation curves using: a. q(g) = f(t, s) dependence b. tensio-tixometer q(mm) = f(t, min.) dependence  Table 3 Density of lignin measured by picnometer method m1 (g) m2 (g) m3 (g) m4 (g) 13.6512 14.6515 23.0630 22.4048 13.6512 14.6508 23.0622 22.4048 13.6512 14.6486 23.0642 22.4048 m1 – empty pycnometer mass; m2 – pycnometer mass + solid; m3 – pycnometer mass + solid + liquid; m4 – pycnometer mass + liquid (toluene); ρs  - solid density By graphical derivation of the sedimentation curve (fig.2), the sedimentation rates were obtained at certain periods of time, t = 0, 14, 30, 70, 80, 90, 100, 105 s. These rates were used to determine various fractions radii of the disperse system (tab. 4). Table 4 Sedimentation rates corresponding to the most expected sedimentation curve for the reproductible results Time (s) Sediment quantity (g) Sedimentation  rates (mm/s) 0 0 0.037 14 0.21 0.0165 30 0.63 0.0142 70 0.92 0.0034 80 0.97 0.0028 90 1.01 0.0018     100      1.02       0.0011     105 1.03 0.0140  Based on the resulted sedimentation rates, the particle radii of lignin were obtained (tab. 5).  LUCRĂRI ŞTIINŢIFICE SERIA HORTICULTURĂ, 62 (1) / 2019, USAMV IAŞI 28 Table 5 Values of disperse particle radii of lignin obtained by sedimentation in gravitational field. Fractions number Dimension of superior and inferior sieve mesh (mm) Diameter  ai (mm) Beam  ri  (mm) By rieving By sedimentation gravitational feils 1 1.25 – 1.10 1.125 0.560 - 2 1.0 – 0.05 0.815 0.402 0.33 (0) 3 0.63 – 0.25 0.440 0.210 0.1572 (14) 4 0.25 – 0.20 0.225 0.1125 0.140 (30) 5 0.20 – 0.125 0.1625 0.0811 0.0741 (70) 6 0.16 – 0.10 0.130 0.0649 0.0628 (80) 7 0.10 – 0.09 0.095 0.0474 0.0523 (90) 8 0.09 – 0.08 0.085 0.0424 0.044 (100) 9 0.08 – 0.07 0.075 0.0369 0.038 (105)  CONCLUSIONS 1.The sedimentometrical method applied in gravitational field confirms  that the reproducibility of the experimental data depends on the uniform distribution degree of the analyzed disperse particle. 2.In order to determine the lignin density, the picnometer method was success fully employed. 3.The variation range of the disperse particle radius in ground lignin can be determined either by sieving or by sedimentation in gravitational field. 4.The analysis of the values obtained for particle dimensions of wheat straw lignin using both methods leads to a general conclusion that the obtained data are reproductible.  5.Using the gravitational sedimentation, it can be determined in a shorter period of time the particle dimensions comparing with the sieving method, which is a much more complex one. REFERENCES 1. Area M.C., Popa V.I., 2014 - Wood Fibres for Papermaking, Ed. Smithers Rapra, pp.. 106. 2. Căprau Adina-Mirela, Ungureanu Elena, Popa V.I., 2009 - Aspects concerning some biocides based on natural aromatic compounds and their copper complexes, 15 th International Symposium on Wood, Fiber and Pulping Chemistry  Oslo, pp. 197-201. 3. Popa V.I., 2015 - Wood bark as valuable raw material for compounds with biological activity, Celuloză şi hârtie, 64 (1), pp. 5-17 4. Popa V.I., 2016 - An example of biomass valorization as source of energy and chemical products, Celuloză şi hârtie, 65 (1), pp. 14-21. 5. Ungureanu Elena, Dumitru Mariana, Tărnăuceanu Nicoleta, Nedelcu-Teodorescu Gabriela, 2006 - Gravitational settling analyses applied to some natural zeolitic composite structures, Analele Ştiinţifice UIAC Iaşi, Seria Chimie,  XIV (2), pp. 129-134. 6.Ungureanu Elena, 2011 - Lignina, polimer natural aromatic cu ridicat potenţial de valorificare, Ed. PIM, Iaşi, pp. 112. 

Analize sedimentometrice gravitaţionale aplicate ligninei din iarbă

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Analize sedimentometrice gravitaţionale aplicate ligninei din iarbă

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