Eutipoza i ESCA bolesti odumiranja i sušenja čokota vinove loze u Srbiji

Abstract

For a few years die off and wither symptoms of grapevines are massively present in some grapevine growing regions of Serbia. During 2006 and 2007 in grapevine growing region of Fruška Gora two groups of symptoms, which ultimately lead to dieback, have been documented. On localities Manđelos, Irig and Sremski Karlovci vines with specific bushy appearance have been recorded. The vines had small stunted shoots with short internodes and small cupped leaves. When an infected cordon or trunk is cut in cross-section a V-shaped, brown wedge of dead tissue can be seen (necrosis). After a few years with constant intensifying of growth stunting, vines at last do not develop shoots at all and completely die off. In comparison with authentic symptoms, the presence of dangerous disease determined as Eutypa dieback has been concluded and confirmed. After isolations from the perennial wood, fungus Eutypa lata causer of Eutypa dieback has been identified. Early detection of first recognizable symptoms on shoots has a great significance in Eutypa dieback management and control. On localities Manđelos and Sremski Karlovci, during summer months, massive and progressive withering of normally developed vines has been recorded. In comparison with authentic symptoms, detected presence of bright 'tiger striped' patterns on the leaves, as well as of roundish necrosis in central wood part, confirmed and proved the appearance of very destructive disease known as ESCA disease (or wither). Because of sudden and rapid drying up of whole vines, determination of this disease on the basis of symptoms has a great significance in order to prevent its spreading inside the vineyard, as early as possible. Symptom based determination of Eutypa dieback and ESCA disease has shown successful, but in case of Eutypa dieback special precaution is needed because sometimes similar simptoms can be caused by Botryosphaeria spp. Age structure of vineyards in Serbia is very poor and favorable for Eutypa dieback and ESCA disease appearance. Because of that fact, from year to year these two diseases have increasingly economical significance.Simptomi odumiranja i sušenja čokota vinove loze, već nekoliko godina, pojavljuju se u jakom intenzitetu u nekim vinogorjima Srbije. Tokom 2006. i 2007. godine, u fruškogorskom vinogorju dokumentovane su dve grupe simptoma, čiji je krajnji ishod sušenje čokota. Na lokalitetima Manđelos, Irig i Sremski Karlovci zapaženi su čokoti karakterističnog, žbunastog izgleda, sa malim, zaostalim lastarima sa skraćenim internodijama i sitnim, peharasto uvijenim listovima. Na poprečnom preseku drveta čokota uočene su braon, klinaste, 'V' nekroze. Nakon nekoliko godina sve izraženijeg zaostajanja organa u porastu, čokoti uopšte ne kreću sa vegetacijom i potpuno odumiru. Upoređivanjem sa referentnim simptomima, zaključeno je da se radi o pojavi veoma opasne bolesti drveta, koja je determinisana kao eutipoza vinove loze. Nakon izolacija iz višegodišnjeg drveta, identifikovan je i prouzrokovač Eutypa lata. Rano otkrivanje prvih prepoznatljivih simptoma na lastarima, ima veliki značaj u suzbijanju i kontroli eutipoze. Na lokalitetima Manđelos i Sremski Karlovci zabeleženo je masovno, progresivno sušenje normalno razvijenih čokota tokom letnjih meseci. Nakon upoređivanja sa referentnim simptomima, zabeleženo karakteristično 'tigar' prugasto šarenilo i sušenje lista, kao i kružna nekroza centralnog dela drveta, potvrdili su pojavu veoma destruktivne bolesti, koja je determinisana kao ESCA oboljenje (ili sušenje). Zbog iznenadnog i brzog sušenja celog čokota, determinacija ove bolesti, na osnovu simptoma, ima veliki značaj, kako bi se, što ranije, sprečilo njeno širenje u okviru vinograda. Simptomatološka determinacija eutipoze i ESCA oboljenja pokazala se kao uspešna, s tim da u slučaju eutipoze treba biti posebno oprezan, jer slične simptome ponekad mogu prouzrokovati i Botryosphaeria spp. Loša starosna struktura vinograda u Srbiji pogoduje pojavi eutipoze i ESCA oboljenja, koja, iz godine u godinu, imaju sve veći ekonomski značaj