This study was conducted to assess the variation in maize tolerance to Striga lutea and influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Screen house experiment was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan while, Farm settlement and Temidire were striga endemic experimental fields in Eruwa. Complete randomized design was used in screen house while, randomized complete block design was adopted on the field with three replications. AMF (Glomus mosseae, G. clarum, G. deserticola and Gigaspora gigantea) in mixtures of soil and root fragments were inoculated at the rate of 25g per plant while, 10.4g of extracted striga seeds were artificially  infested. Uninoculated and uninfested in pots and plots served as control. Four maize genotypes; ILE1- OB, ART-98-SW4-OB, ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB were screened for tolerance or susceptibility to S. lutea infestation on disease rating scale of 1 to 9. ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB were significantly tolerant (P&lt;0.05) with striga damage rating (SDR) ranging from 1.18-2.48, ART-98-SW4-OB was moderately tolerant with SDR ranging from 3.59-4.57, while ILE-OB was highly susceptible with SDR ranging from 8.61-8.72. Influence of AMF was significant (P&lt;0.05) for growth, yield and striga-related traits with SDR ranging from 1.28- 2.70 and 1.21-2.64 at 8 and 10 weeks after planting respectively.Key words: Maize, mycorrhiza, Striga lutea, tolerance, yiel

Adesoye, AI

Odebode, AC

Olakojo, SA

Olawuyi, OJ

English

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 Anthonio Research Center © 2012 1       Olawuyi et al., IJBAIR; 1(1):1-5   International Journal of Basic, Applied and Innovative Research IJBAIR, 2012, 1(1):1-5 www.antrescentpub.com  RESEARCH  PAPER  VARIATION IN MAIZE TOLERANCE TO STRIGA LUTEA (LOUR) AND INFLUENCE OF ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI   *1Olawuyi O.J., 2Odebode A.C., 3Olakojo S.A. and 4Adesoye A.I. 1Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Babcock University, Ilishan–Remo, Ikeja Lagos - Nigeria; 2,4Department of Botany and Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Nigeria; 3Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Obafemi Awolowo University, P.M.B  5029, Moor Plantation, Ibadan. Nigeria.  *Corresponding Author: olawuyiodunayo@yahoo.com Received: 9th December, 2011 Accepted: 2nd January, 2012 Published: 30th March, 2012  ABSTRACT  This study was conducted to assess the variation in maize tolerance to Striga lutea and influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). Screen house experiment was conducted at the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan while, Farm settlement and Temidire were striga endemic experimental fields in Eruwa.  Complete randomized design was used in screen house while, randomized complete block design was adopted on the field with three replications. AMF (Glomus mosseae, G. clarum, G. deserticola and Gigaspora gigantea) in mixtures of soil and root fragments were inoculated at the rateof 25g per plant while, 10.4g of extracted striga seeds were artificially infested. Uninoculated and uninfested in pots and plots served as control. Four maize genotypes; ILE1-OB, ART-98-SW4-OB, ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB were screened for tolerance or susceptibility to S. lutea infestation on disease rating scale of 1 to 9. ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB were significantly tolerant (P<0.05) with striga damage rating (SDR) ranging from 1.18-2.48, ART-98-SW4-OB was moderately tolerant with SDR ranging from 3.59-4.57, while ILE-OB was highly susceptible with SDR ranging from 8.61-8.72. Influence of AMF was significant (P<0.05) for growth, yield and striga-related traits with SDR ranging from 1.28-2.70 and 1.21-2.64 at 8 and 10 weeks after planting respectively.  Key words: Maize, mycorrhiza, Striga lutea, tolerance, yield _____________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Maize is one of the most widely grown cereals with great economic value in countries like Nigeria. It is primarily used as an energy crop in which its increased production per unit area is the main focus in maize-breeding programmes (Turi et al., 2007). The distinctive characteristics of maize have important implications for crop genetic improvement efforts. Because maize is an open pollinating crop, new genetic combinations are continuously generated in farmers’ fields through natural outcrossing (Morris, 1994).  Its productions in the savanna ecologies are threaten d by striga parasitic weeds which cause between 20 and 80 % yield loss (Olakojo and Kogbe, 2003).The most commonly used control method is the application of herbicides, some of which are non-biodegradable and toxic. Host-plant resistance is also one of the economical and effective management strategies of plant diseases caused by pathogens, including fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes (Thakur, 2007).  Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are of great importance to agricultural crops and forest species by contributing to soil nutrient cycling and protecting plants from pests and fungal diseases such as Sclerotium, Phytophthora, ASN- PH-020919  Anthonio Research Center © 2012 2       Olawuyi et al., IJBAIR; 1(1):1-5  Fusarium and Rhizoctonia (Odebode et al., 1995; Norman and Hooker, 2000; Matsubara et l., 2001). However, the ability of AMF to complement host resistance has not been explored as part of integrated striga management. Variation in maize tolerance to Striga lutea and influence of AMF were therefore investigated in this study.  MATERIALS AND METHODS   The pot experiment was conducted using complete randomized design in screen house of the Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), Ibadan, while the two field trials conducted at Temidire and Farm settlement in Eruwa were laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications. Ibadan and Eruwa are both located in Oyo State, Southern Guinea Savanna of Nigeria.  Four maize genotypes (ILE1-OB, ART-98-SW4-OB, ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB collected from IAR&T germplasm were screened for tolerance and/or susceptibility to S. lutea infestation on a Tolerance rating to Striga syndrome 1-9 (Highly tolerant 1-3, Moderately tolerant 4-6, Moderately susceptible 7-8, and Highly susceptible 9) (Kim,1994).  The AMF (Glomus mosseae, G. clarum, G. deserticola and Gigaspora gigantea) inocula were multiplied in pot cultures. Morphological characterization of spores was carried out based on spore size, colour, reaction to Melzer’s reagent and hypha attachment according to the standard procedure. The mixtures of soil and root fragments of AMF were inoculated at the rate of 25g per plant. Each pot was artificially infested with 10.4g of striga seeds and left for 14 days to undergo pre-conditioning to the new enviro ment. Two seeds of maize were planted into 10kg plastic pots (20 cm diameter and 30cm deep) filled with steriliz d soil. Uninoculated and uninfested treatments i  pots served as control.   Maize planted on the field was done on four-row plots f 3m x 5m. Two maize seeds were planted per hill at a spacing of 75 x 50cm. Uninfested plot was planted directly opposite of infested plot at a distance of 1m. Plants were thinned to one plant per hill after two weeks of planting. Agronomic practices were done. Agronomic and striga-related traits were also rated on scale of 1 to 5 (1- Excellent, 3- Fair and 5- Poor). Data recorded for striga-related traits, growth and yield characters of maize genotypes were analyzed using ANOVA while, means were separated using DMRT test at 5% level of probability.  RESULTS  The result in Table 1 shows that ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB genotypes were highly tolerant to S. lutea infestation with mean striga damage rating (SDR) ranging from 1.18 - 2.48 while ART-98-SW4-OB was moderat ly tolerant with mean SDR ranging from 4.55-4.56, while ILE1-OB was moderately susceptible with mean SDR ranging from 7.61-7.72 in screen house trial.  Similarly, in farm settlement, ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB genotypes were highly tolerant to S. lutea infestation but not significantly different with mean SDR of 1.32 and 1.39 respectively at 8WAP. ART-98-SW4-OB was moderately tolerant with mean SDR ranging from 3.59 at 8WAP to 3.64 at 10 WAP while, ILE1-OB was moderately susceptible with mean SDR ranging from 6.73 at 8WAP to 6.76 at 10 WAP.   In Temidire, ART-98-SW5-OB was highly tolerant with mean SDR of 1.19 which is significantly different (p<0.05) from other genotypes while, ILE1-OB was highly susceptible with mean SDR of 8.61 at 8 weeks after planting (8WAP). Character means of significant differences for growth, yield and striga related parameters are lso presented in Table1.  Plant height, leaf length, leaf, width, stem diameter, grain yields and field weight were significantly higher (p < 0.05) for ART-98-SW5-OB and ART-98-SW6-OB but lower in Striga emergence count and SDR, showing better tolerance to S. lutea. Mean syndrome rating, tolerance to striga, striga count, grain yield, and field weight differed significantly (p<0.05) from one location to another. Results of grain yield stem diameter and plant heigt for maize genotypes in Farm settlement recorded significant values than Temidire and the screen house while farm settlement and screen house had similar tolerance rating to striga. The values of leaf width at 8WAP for ILE1-OB (3.59cm) and ART-98-SW4-OB (3.86cm) as well as ART-98-SW5-OB (4.30cm) and ART-98-SW6-OB (4.24cm) for leaf width at 8WAP were similar in Temidire. The grain yield of ART-98-SW5-OB (3.22t/ha) and ART-98-SW6-OB (3.10t/ha) did not differ significantly (p>0.05) from  Anthonio Research Center © 2012 3       Olawuyi et al., IJBAIR; 1(1):1-5  each other in Temidire while, SDR for ART-98-SW5-OB (1.32) and ART-98-SW6-OB (1.39) were not significantly different in Farm settlement. These indicate uniform performance of the genotypes in different locations. The effect of AMF was similarly significant for yield and maize agronomic characters (Table 2). The number of leaves per plant ranges from 10.22 – 11.80, grain yield ranges between (2.11 – 3.64) t/ha and field weight ranges between (40.79 kg – 74.29 kg). Maize agronomic characte s were significantly different (p< 0.05) for AMF species. G. clarum which performed best for husk cover, plant aspect, ear aspect and ear harvest, was significantly different (p<0.05) from other AMF species and control.   Result of Table 3 shows that the striga syndrome rating ranges from (1.28 - 2.70) and (1.21 - 2.64) at 8WAP and 10WAP respectively, striga emergence count ranges between (1.24 -3.59) at   8WAP and (0.35 – 1.65) at 10WAP. Mean value of stalk rot was similar for G. clarum (2.31) and G. deserticola (2.39) but significantly different from other AMF  Table 1: Variation in maize tolerance to Striga infestation, yield and striga related parameters in three locations. Genotype   PH (cm)      LL (cm)             LW (cm)              SD (cm)          SDR                 SEC             GY (t/h) FW (Kg)           Tolerance            8WAP 10WAP 8WAP 10WAP 8WAP 10WAP 8WAP 10WAP 8WAP 10WAP 8WAP 10WAP                                  to Striga                                                                                      Temidire ILE 1   65.72d 77.04d   49.62d 53.32d 3.59b    3.71d 3.36c 3.54d     8.61a 8.72°     2.94a 2.96a 1.15c    34.99d                     HS                   SW4    69.96c 79.84c   55.33c 57.98c 3.86b    4.26c 3.74ab 3.72c   4.46b 4.57b    1.72b 1.71b 2.28b    37.97c                     MT  SW5   78.76a 88.50a   61.09a 65.23a 4.30a    4.52b 3.98a   4.22a 1.19d 1.25d    1.13d 1.22d 3.22a   48.60a                      HT SW6    76.91b 86.21b   56.76b 61.42b 4.24a    5.51a 3.58c   3.91b 1.43c 1.48c    1.28c 1.25c 3.10a   44.63b                      HT MEAN 72.83   82.87   55.70   59.49   4.00    4.50 3.67    3.85    3.92 4.01     1.77   1.79 2.44      41.54 CV     5.87       5.14    2.96    15.39   38.11   23.70 45.54 16.05   31.14     33.30   0.00   0.00      234.77    5.47   S.E (0.05) 0.46 0.53    0.68    0.76     0.06   0.18 0.07   0.05     0.02 0.02    0.03    0.03 0.26      0.39                                                                                   Farm settlement ILE 1  74.82d  72.30d   3.67d  57.02d 4.43d 5.19d 4.80d 5.17d     6.73a 6.76a  1.67a  1.60a 2.13d    38.75d                       MS                     SW4    88.61c   85.42c 9.19c 75.00c 5.19c 5.78c 5.28c 5.64c    3.59b 3.64b 0.56b 0.50b 2.80c   50.07c                        MT SW5   122.21a 140.85a 8.32a 85.59a 5.82a 6.42a 4.94a 6 33a    1.32c 1.36d 0.38d 0.33d 3.73a    63.39a                      HT SW6   116.35b 135.36b 5.14b 81.98b 5.28b 5.83b 5.62b 55.99b 1.39c 1.40c 0.50c 0.47c 3.57b   58.34b                     HT MEAN 100.50 108.48   19.08 74.90 5.18 5.81 5.41   5.78      3.77 3.38   0.53    0.47 3.06     52.64  CV     0.99        1.03    1.20      1.15   2.01 2.20 2.18   2.19     31.07 33.12 100.68 103.6 14.08   1.49 S.E (0.05)1.65   0.56    0.52      0.51   0.03 0.51 0.04   0.04     0.02 0.02   0.02      0.58 0.02     0.58                                                                                Screen house ILE 1   56.44c   68.37c   6.09b    50.75c 3.63b 3.81c 3.45b 3.60c 7.61a    7.72a 1.78a     1.73a 1.055d 30.20c            MS                     SW4    55.40d   66.69d   1.92c   45.98d 3.25c 3.52c 3.16c 3.42d 4.55b   4.56b 1.66b    1.62b 2.18c 29.29d            MT SW5    66.24a   81.33a   3.22a   58.06a 4.26a 4.80a 3.83a 4.59a 1.18d   1.24d 0.19d    0.85d 2.94a 40.69a            HT SW6    63.39b   76.95b   3.10a   54.79b 3.80b 4.53b 3.84a 3.83b 2.43c   2.48c 1.13c    1.10c 2.79b 37.4b            HT MEAN 60.37    73.33    3.58     52.39   3.73   4.14 3.58   3.86   3.92    4.00    1.37    1.32 2.24 34.40  CV        2.98      1.29     2.13     4.39    39.51 46.21 39.30 4.84   31.10 33.27   20.74   12.35 6.44 2.64  S.E (0.05) 0.45   0.66     0.93     0.71    0.06    0.3 0.06   0.08    0.02    0.02    0.04    0.04 0.02  0.45  Tolerance to Striga rating;  1-3= Highly tolerant (T), 4-6= Moderately tolerant (MT), 7-8= Moderately susceptible (MS), 9= Highly susceptible (S)  PH = Plant Height, LL= Leaf length, LW= Leaf Width, SDM= Stem diameter, SDR= Striga damage rating, SEC= Striga Emergence Count ,WAP= Weeks after planting, GY= Grain yield, FW= Field weight   Table 2: Effect of AMF species on maize agronomic and yield related characters under mycorrhiza and striga interactions  Mycorrhiza species Number of Leaves per  Plant Husk Cover Plant Aspect Plant Harvest Ear Aspect Ear Harvest Grain yield ( kg) Field weight (kg) Glomus mosseae Glomus clarum Gigaspora gigantea Glomus deserticola Control 10.22d 11.80a 10.97c 11.15b 8.37e 3.58d 1.26a 2.44c 2.14b 4.05e 3.63d 1.24a 2.46b 2.54c 3.99e 3.56d 1.19a 2.38c 2.28b 4.12e 3.57d 1.32a 2.47c 2.26b 3.89e 3.55d 1.29a 2.43c 2.18b 4.14e 2.11d 3.64a 3.10c 3.48b 1.02e 40.79d 74.29a 42.38c 66.08b 23.62e  Each value is the mean for 3 replicates. Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at P< 0.05 using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT).   Anthonio Research Center © 2012 4       Olawuyi et al., IJBAIR; 1(1):1-5  Table 3: Effect of AMF species on striga related characters of maize under mycorrhiza and striga interactions  Each value is the mean for 3 replicates. Means with the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at P< 0.05 using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT). WAP - Weeks after planting.  DISCUSSION   The observed effect of AMF showed that G. clarum performed best for all the variants followed by G. deserticola, G. gigantea and G. mosseae, while the least performance was recorded for control. ART-98-SW5-0B and ART-98-SW6-0B could serve as promising sources of tolerant ge e for the development of tolerant genotypes. This confirms the report of Olakojo and Olaoye (2007). The signifcant performances of ART-98-SW5-0B and ART-98-SW6-0B genotypes with respect to plant height, grain yield, field weight, stem diameter and SDR were contribuing component to the yield and striga tolerant in maize as similarly observed by Olakojo et al. (1999).   Reduction in plant height of ILE1-OB and ART-98-SW4-OB could be associated with striga damage as earlier reported by Olakojo et al. (2001) and Badu-Apraku et al. (2008) on other maize varieties. Therefore, yield and striga-related traits indicate variations in the performance of maize genotypes. The significant increase in growth and yield related characters of maize could be due to positve interactions between the plant and AMF. This supported the view of Mohammad et al. (2003), Reider, (2003) and Salami et al. (2005). Therefore, AMF should be combined with host-resistance approach in Integrated S riga Management.  ACKNOWLEDGMENT   Institute of Agricultural Research and Training, Ibadan screen house for evaluations, Temidire and Farm settlement field experimental locations in Eruwa are gratefully acknowledged.  REFERENCES  Badu-Apraku, B.A., Fontem-Lum, A., Fakorede, M.A.B., Menkir, A., Chabi, C., Abdulhai, M, Jacob, S., and Agbaje, S. (2008). Performance of early maize cultivars derived from recurrent selection for grain yield and Striga resistance. Crop science 48:99-112.  Kim, S.K. (1994). Genetics of maize tolerance of Striga hermonthica. Crop Science 34: 900-907.  Matsubara, Y., Ohba, N. and Fukui, H. (2001). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus infection on theincidence of fusarium root rot in asparagus seedlings. Journal of Japan Society of Horticultural Science70:202-206.  Mohammad, M.U., Malkawi, H.I. and Shibi, R.( 2003). Effects of mycorrhizal fungi and Phosphorus fertilization on  growth and nutrient uptake of barley grown on soils with different levels of salts. J. Plant Nutr. 26: 125-137.  Morris, L.M. (1994). Assessing the benefits of inter ational maize breeding research: An overview of the global maize impact study. CIMMYT maize research impacts survey. Pp 29-34.  Norman, J.R. and Hooker, J.E. (2000). Sporulation of Phytophthora fragariae shows a greater stimulation by exudates of non-mycorrhiza than by mycorrhiza strawberry roots. Mycol. Res.104: 1069-1073. Mycorrhiza species Striga Damage Rating  8WAP         10WAP Striga Emergence Count  8WAP         10WAP Plant Stand Stalk Lodging Root Lodging Ear Rot Stalk Rot Glomus mosseae Glomus clarum Gigaspora gigantea Glomus deserticola Control 2.70d 1.28a 1.42c 1.40b 3.96e 2.64d 1.21a 1.50c 1.35b 4.10e 1.78d 0.38a 0.85c 0.78b 3.98e 1.65d 0.35a 0.83c 0.67b 3.99e 3.59d 1.24a 2.88c 2.57b 4.31e 3.57d 1.21a 2.46c 2.12b 4.25e 3.51d 2.15a 2.40b 2.50c 4.18e 3.58d 2.27a 2.85c 2.42b 4.46e 3.75d 2.31a 2.71c 2.39b 4.39e  Anthonio Research Center © 2012 5       Olawuyi et al., IJBAIR; 1(1):1-5   Odebode, A.C., Ladoye, A.O. and Osonubi, O. (1995). Influence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on disea severity of pepper and tomato caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Journal of Science Research 2(1):49-52.  Olakojo, S. A. and Kogbe, J.O.S (2003). Reaction of maize to infestation with the witchweed (Striga lutea). Moor Journal of Agric Research 4(2):210-217.  Olakojo, S. A. and Olaoye, G. (2007). Response of maize to different Nitrogen fertilizer formulation under Striga lutea artificial infestation. Tropical and Subtropical Agro Ecosystems 7:21-28.  Olakojo, S.A., Ogunbodede, B.A., and Kogbe, J.O.S. (1999). Evaluation of maize (Zea mays L.) top crosses in a rainforest location. Bioscience Research Communication 11 (2): 141-146.  Olakojo, S. A., Kogbe J.O.S., Olajide, V. and Donhell, A. (2001). Host parasite relationship of Striga asiatica and maize (Zea mays L.) under varied moisture level and Nitrogen. Nigeria Journal of Weed Science 14:451-460.  Reider, D.J. (2003). Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems- a journey towards Relevance? New Phytol. 157, 475-492.  Salami, A.O., Odebode, A.C. and Osonubi, O. (2005). The use of arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) as a source of yield increase in sustainable alley cropping system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science 51(4):385-390.  Thakur, R.P. (2007). Host plant resistance to diseases: potential and Limitations. Indian Journal of Plant Protection 35(1):17-21.  Turi, N.A., Shah, S.S., Ali, S., Rahman, H., Ali, T. and Sajjad, M. (2007). Genetic variability for yield parameters in maize (Zea mays L.) genotypes. Journal of Agricultural and Biological Science 2(4):1-4. AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS Striga lutea and maize genotypes which were obtained from IAR&T were monitored and supervised by Dr S.A. Olakojo while, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were collected from the soil biology unit of the department of Botany and Microbiology under the authority and supervision of Dr A.C Odebode and Dr A. Adesoye.  

Variation in maize tolerance to Striga Lutea (Lour) and influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

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Variation in maize tolerance to Striga Lutea (Lour) and influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi

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