No abstract Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine Vol. 9 (2) 2008: pp. 44-4

Bekker, L-G

Brown, S

Kaplan, R

Rivett, U

Wood, R

English

AJOL - African Journals Online

AU T UMn  2 0 0 8                                                           T H E  S O U T H E R N  A F R I C A N  J O U R NA L  O F  H I V  M E D I C I N E  The rapid scale-up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) programmes in sub-Saharan Africa has challenged the capacities of ART services to monitor and retain large numbers of patients within programmes effectively. Many ART clinics in sub-Saharan Africa now have to cope with patient complements of several thousands,1-3 all of whom require monitoring and tracking. Initially, programme emphasis was placed on the maintenance of high levels of adherence to therapy, particularly be-cause of the concerns of widespread viral resistance that could develop as a result of expanded access to ART in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).4 The pub-lic health approach to delivery of ART therefore recog-nised the need for adherence strategies as an essential component of individual and programmatic treatment success.5 The South African ART guidelines included protocol provision for adherence counselling strategies within clinics.6 Despite initial scepticism, the feasibility of expanded access in LMICs has been justified by many early programmes reporting high levels of adherence7,8 and viral suppression rates which were comparable with those achieved in industrialised settings.9 While these results were encouraging, they represented the success-ful outcomes of individuals having been retained within the programmes, largely ignoring those individuals lost to each programme. However, overall programme performance and population impact may be more ac-curately reflected by intention-to-treat (ITT) rather than on-treatment analysis (OTA). The differences between ITT and OTA results may be considerable, and a recent meta-analysis has highlighted that the loss to follow-up after initiating ART is a major problem facing large-scale ART roll-out programmes in sub-Saharan Africa.10The result of a systematic review of attrition within sub-Saharan African ART programmes on the proportion of adult patients remaining in care and on ART at 6 months or longer between 2000 and 2007 has been reported.10 The analysis was based on data from 32 journal articles and conference abstracts describing 74 192 patients in non-research ART programmes in 13 countries. Reten-tion was defined as the proportion of individuals known to be alive and receiving ART at the end of each fol-low-up period, and included those transferred to other programmes. Attrition was defined as the proportion of those not retained, and was a composite measure comprising losses owing to death of 40%, losses to fol-low-up of 56%, and discontinuation of ART within the programme of 4%. Weighted mean retention rates, as reported, were 79.1%, 75.0% and 61.6% at 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. Of those reporting 24 months of follow-up, the best programme retained 85%, and the worst retained 46%, of patients. Attrition was higher in those studies with shorter reporting periods, with monthly weighted mean attrition rates of 3.3%, 1.9% and 1.6% per month for studies reporting to 6, 12 and 24 months, respectively. As those programmes report-ing high attrition were least likely to provide data be-yond 6 months, this was felt by the authors to indicate that overall patient retention had been overestimated in the published reports. The main conclusion was that overall attrition in African ART programmes was very high (40%) and was predominantly the result of loss to follow-up and, to a lesser degree, death. The authors concluded that there was a need for better patient trac-THE UTILITY OF PHARMACY DISPENSING DATA FOR ART PROGRAMME EVALUATION AND EARLY IDENTIFICATION OF PATIENT LOSS TO FOLLOW-UPcase studyRobin Wood, BSc, MB BCh, DTM&H, MMed, FCP (SA)Richard Kaplan, ArtsL-G Bekker, MB ChB, DCH, DTM&H, FCP (SA), PhD Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape TownSarah Brown, MScUlrike Rivett, PhDCell-Life, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape TownReteNtION44pg44-48.indd   44 6/19/08   9:31:34 AMT H E  S O U T H E R N  A F R I C A N  J O U R NA L  O F  H I V  M E D I C I N E                                                           A U T UMn  2 0 0 8 ing procedures, increased understanding of loss to fol-low-up, and earlier initiation of ART in order to reduce mortality. As retention varied widely across programmes, it was felt that those programmes that had achieved higher retention rates might serve as models for future improvements.cONVeNtIONaL data sOuRcesConventional approaches to data collection are ‘doc-tor-centred’, relying on patient information captured on data capture forms which are subsequently entered into a computerised database by a data entry clerk for subsequent use for programme evaluation (Fig. 1). More sophisticated versions incorporate direct entry of medi-cal information into an electronic medical record (EMR) where the data are available for both patient care and programme evaluations. However, EMRs require compu-ter networks and ongoing IT support which is frequently not available in many peripheral and community ART clinics. The rapid scale-up of ART to millions of patients, the scarcity of doctors and pharmacists, a poor com-puter infrastructure and involvement of nurses and lay counsellors in patient care both inside and outside of formal clinics, compound the difficulties of data collec-tion and collation. Furthermore, doctor visits are typi-cally scheduled 6-monthly,6 which does not allow early detection of attrition from the programme as patients might have been off therapy for several months before being identified.MINIMuM data ReQuIReMeNts FOR Itt aNaLysesData for programme evaluation of retention differs from that required for individual patient management and is therefore not just a consolidation of individual responses to ART. ITT analysis of programme performance necessi-tates knowledge of the numbers of individuals initiat-ing therapy, remaining on therapy, and lost (attrition) to the programme. Further classification of attrition into known deaths, transfers and remaining loss to follow-up requires additional active follow-up procedures. Es-tablishment of vital status may be difficult to achieve within a normal clinic, and may be better achieved in those services that have established interactions with patients at a community level.PHaRMacy-Based data sOuRcesPharmacy-based records have previously been reported to be a simple and effective population-level tool for monitoring adherence within scaling-up African HAART programmes.11 Pharmaceutical dispensing already requires the capturing of date information, patient identifiers such as age, and gender and contact details together with specifics of the prescription instructions from the health care provider. ART programmes may also easily add a requirement for justification of regi-men changes classified into simple categories such as intolerance, toxicity or virological failure. If the date and time of patient receipt of ARVs could be captured, the pharmacy-based records could be expanded to capture programme retention data as well as adherence infor-mation. Most of these data are required to be collected as part of routine pharmacy functioning in all treatment sites and can be made available for programme evalua-tion without adding to the workload of busy clinics.As an extension of the concept of using pharmacy infor-mation as a programme evaluation tool, the intelligent dispensing of ART system (iDART) has been developed as a non-proprietary programme. iDART is a pharmacy application developed on open-source software that al-lows dispensing of ART both on site and from a remote pharmacy. The system has been developed in response to a need to manage large numbers of patients on ART sim-ply and effectively. The key benefits of the iDART system are accurate tracking of patient treatment and providing comprehensive patient treatment history. Operationally, iDART aids accurate ARV stock control management and faster pharmacy dispensing through faster processing. It reduces and identifies loss of ARVs, and it operates through clearly identifiable, multilingual bar-coded la-bels which are created for each and every drug and pa-tient package. iDART provides a pharmacy management tool incorporating stock-control, drug deliveries and drug-dispensing information designed to allow a central pharmacist to provide services to multiple satellite clin-ics (Fig. 2). Demographic details, regimen dispensed and date and time of receipt of ART by the patient are cap-tured without the need for additional data clerks (Table I). Standardised programme reports can be generated for funding agencies (e.g. PEPFAR) and health authorities (Fig. 3), together with updated lists of patients who have failed to pick up their prescriptions and who are default-ing from the programme. The programme has already been successfully used in 7 large ART clinics in North West, Gauteng, Western Cape and Northern Cape prov-inces and has been integrated with other data systems (e.g. EMR, lab-based) and the Western Cape provincial health record system (eKAPA). One of the most important idaRt systeMFig. 1. The data collection cycle.45pg44-48.indd   45 6/19/08   9:31:35 AMAU T UMn  2 0 0 8                                                           T H E  S O U T H E R N  A F R I C A N  J O U R NA L  O F  H I V  M E D I C I N E  functions of iDART lies in the various reports that the software makes available. These range from basic stock control management and monitoring reports to specific patient defaulter lists, which facilitates easy manage-ment and follow-up of patients. iDART also keeps the entire patient history of a patient in its database, pro-viding accurate tracking of patients receiving treatment from ART sites (Fig. 4). The iDART system also allows the decanting of packages to remote clinics and dispensa-ries that do not hold stock of ARVs; a central pharmacy prepares packages for patients belonging to remote clin-ics and the system will trace the entire process until the patients collect their drugs. Feedback is then provided via the network or other data transfer systems to the central pharmacy to signal that the package was collect-ed, and the pharmacist is then allowed to package drugs for the patient in the next month. Minimum system re-quirements are a single computer, barcode printer and barcode reader. Data transfer can utilise a flash memory stick, cell phone, email or internet connection.caPe tOWN idaRt cONFORMatIONThe Cape Town central pharmacy receives and manages drug deliveries and supports peripheral clinics (Fig. 2). A single pharmacist and pharmacy assistant dispense ARVs to 2 peripheral clinics. Gugulethu is a busy doctor-based ARV clinic servicing >3 500 patients, which incorporates a nurse-led decanting clinic for patients established on stable ARVs. Masiphumelele is a smaller public-sec-tor community polyclinic providing >800 patients with ARVs with both doctor- and nurse-led services. Gugu-lethu and Masiphumelele are approximately 20 and 40 kilometres distant from the pharmacy, respectively, with data transfer between peripheral site networks and cen-tral database via a virtual private network (vpn).sIZOPHILa cOMMuNIty adHeReNce PROGRaMMeThe Gugulethu ARV service is supported by a network of adherence counsellors who are recruited from the com-munity, openly live with HIV and are trained and em-ployed to carry out both clinic- and community-based services (Fig. 5). On any weekday, there are counsellors who report to the clinic in the morning and perform the clinic duties which include treatment readiness ses-sions for new recruits, adherence trouble-shooting for established patients and day-to-day clinic operations. Fig. 2. The iDart system as applied to Gugulethu and Masiphumelele clinics.idaRt inputs  Information captured  OutputsARVs delivered  ARVs in stock  Pharmacy stock controlARV returns  ARVs dispensed  ARV regimens usedARV expirations  ARVs dispensed  ARVs transferred to clinics Registration of patient  Demographic details  Programme reportsDate receipt of 1st ARVs Start date on ART  Individual adherenceDate of repeat ARVs  Duration of treatment  Individual retentionFailure to pick up ARVs  List of defaulterstaBLe I. INFORMatION caPtuRed FROM PHaRMacy aNd dIsPeNsING INPuts tO idaRt aNd INdIVIduaL PatIeNt aNd cONsOLIdated PROGRaMMe RePORt OutPutsFig. 3. An iDart programme report.Fig. 4. An iDart clinic report.46pg44-48.indd   46 6/19/08   9:31:38 AMCMYCMMYCYCMYKBMS Videx 2007.pdf   7/13/07   12:29:47 PMAU T UMn  2 0 0 8                                                           T H E  S O U T H E R N  A F R I C A N  J O U R NA L  O F  H I V  M E D I C I N E  The majority of the team work daily from home, their clients having been assigned geographically. They at-tend to home visits for new recruits as well as regular visits for defaulters and patients with adherence prob-lems (red alert patients). Patients who adhere poorly, as indicated by pill counts, and patients who are not virally suppressed, are classified as ‘red alert’ and referred to their relevant counsellor for increased attention. A de-faulters list is also generated from the iDART pharmacy system, based on missed pharmacy pick-up dates, and these patients are followed up by their counsellors. Ad-herent patients are classified as ‘green’ patients and vis-ited less frequently. They attend the clinic 2-monthly for new drug supply and are seen by a nurse practitioner or doctor every 4 months. Each counsellor is responsible for approximately 120 patients, of whom only the minority are ‘red alert’. Clinic-based activities ensure that patients are well informed about the need for treatment and programme adherence and, together with the red alert system, this ensures patient adherence, excellent viral suppression rates and thus sustained therapy options. However, it is the field-based activities of the counsel-lors providing individualised support, home visits and regular follow-up that ensure ongoing adherence and excellent retention with reliable outcome data. iDART is an important trigger for the adherence/retention team that patients have defaulted treatment pick-up, result-ing in immediate community follow-up by the relevant counsellor. This combination of clinic- and field-based counsellors together with iDART maintains excellent ad-herence and viral suppression rates as well as remark-ably low loss-to-follow-up rates in this large commu-nity-based clinic in Gugulethu, Cape Town.Pharmacy pick-up data by patients are well suited for identification of patients retained or those potentially lost to the programme. iDART is a flexible solution able to be implemented on a variety of IT platforms. Alone, it is a simple solution which can be implemented at pe-ripheral clinic sites by pharmacy management, enabling standard report generation including early identification of programme losses, and it enables implementation of active community follow-up strategies.As iDART has been developed on open source software which is free and requires no licence, the full pharmacy management system is available for implementation at any antiretroviral clinic and can be downloaded online at URL <http://www.cell-life.org/content/view/75/>.REFERENCES  1.  Stringer JS, Zulu I, Levy J, et al. Rapid scale-up of antiretroviral therapy at primary care sites in Zambia: feasibility and early outcomes. JAMA 2006; 296(7): 782-793.  2.  Dalal RP, Macphail C, Mqhayi M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of adult patients lost to follow-up at an antiretroviral treatment clinic in Johannesburg, South Africa. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47(1): 101-107.  3.  Bekker LG, Myer L, Orrell C, Lawn S, Wood R. Rapid scale-up of a community-based HIV treatment service: programme performance over 3 consecutive years in Guguletu, South Africa. S Afr Med J 2006; 96(4): 315-320.  4.  Harries AD, Nyanguku DS, Harries AD, et al. Preventing antiretroviral anarchy in Africa. Lancet 2001; 358: 410-414.  5.  Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings: Treatment guidelines for a public health approach. 2003 revision. Geneva: World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/prev_care/en/arvrevision2003en.pdf (accessed 10 April 2008).  6.  South African National Antiretroviral Treatment Guidelines. Pretoria: National Department of Health, 2004. http://www.hst.org.za/uploads/files/sa_ART_Guidelines1.pdf (accessed 10 April 2008).  7.  Orrell C, Bangsberg DR, Badri M, Wood R. Adherence is not a barrier to successful antiretroviral therapy in South Africa. AIDS 2003; 17(9): 1369-1375.  8.  Mills EJ, Nachega JB, Buchan I, et al. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa and North America. JAMA 2006; 296(6): 679-690.  9.  Ivers LC, Kendrick D, Doucette K. Efficacy of anti-retroviral therapy programs in resource-poor settings: a meta-analysis of the published literature. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41: 217-224.10.  Rosen S, Fox MP, Gill CJ. Patient retention in antiretroviral therapy programs in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review. Plos Med 2008; 4(10): e298.11.  Nachega JB, Hislop M, Dowdy DW, et al. Adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy assessed by pharmacy claims predicts survival in HIV-infected South African adults. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2006; 43(1): 78-84.Fig. 5. Adherence counsellors are recruited from the community, and are trained and employed to carry out clinic- and community-based services.cONcLusIONs48pg44-48.indd   48 6/19/08   9:31:39 AM

The utility of pharmacy dispensing data for ART programme evaluation and early identification of patient loss to follow-up

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The utility of pharmacy dispensing data for ART programme evaluation and early identification of patient loss to follow-up

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