The effect of five phosphrous levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125 kg/ha) and five poultry dropping (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 kg/ha) levels on the growth, growth yield, yield components, nutrients concentration and food values of pepper (Capsicum annuum L) were observed from 2002 to 2003 raining seasons. Phosphrous levels significantly increased pepper plant height, number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant and leaf area up to 125 kg (p/ha) level. The phosphorus application also significantly increased early flowering, maturity and yield (ton/ha) of the treated plants. Application of organic waste, poultry dropping increased the growth yield and yield components of pepper significantly more than the fertilizer phosphrous. Since poultry dropping is cheap to obtain and enhances the pepper plant performance, it is recommended for use. C. annuun was found to contain both the major and minor nutrient elements which can supply the body with ingredients for growth.Key words: Poultry droppings; caspicum species, nutrient contents, interaction absorption

Alabi, D A

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Effects of fertilizer phosphorus and poultry droppings treatments on growth and nutrient components of pepper (Capsicum annuum L)

The chromosomes of the two Vigna sub species were individually identified in order to gain insight into variations in the chromosome morphology that may contribute to interspecies cross incompatibility. Diploid chromosome number of 22 was established for V. unguiculata (TVu14476) while V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. pubescens was different with mitotic chromosome number of 23. The total lengths of chromosome ranged from 2.0 – 5.2 μm. Identification of individual chromosomes was carried out using chromosome length, ratio between arms and centromeric positions. The 11 pairs of homologues were classified as metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric and acentric using a centromeric index which was between 0 and 50. Idiograms were constructed for each Vigna sub species based on the average length of each chromosome.Key words: Triploid, metaphase and mitosis

Adetula, O A

African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 5 (8), pp. 563-565, 18 April 2006     Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2006 Academic Journals     Review  Comparative study of the karyotypes of two Vigna sub species  ADETULA O.A.  National Horticultural Research Institute, P.M.B. 5432, Idi –Ishin, Ibadan, Nigeria. E-mail: Olagorite@yahoo.com.  Accepted 21 October, 2005  The chromosomes of the two Vigna sub species were individually identified in order to gain insight into variations in the chromosome morphology that may contribute to interspecies cross incompatibility. Diploid chromosome number of 22 was established for V. unguiculata (TVu14476) while V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. pubescens was different with mitotic chromosome number of 23. The total lengths of chromosome ranged from 2.0 – 5.2 µm. Identification of individual chromosomes was carried out using chromosome length, ratio between arms and centromeric positions. The 11 pairs of homologues were classified as metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric and acentric using a centromeric index which was between 0 and 50. Idiograms were constructed for each Vigna sub species based on the average length of each chromosome.   Key words: Triploid, metaphase and mitosis.   INTRODUCTION   Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) is an important tropical grain legume crop with high protein content (20-30%). Over 850,000 tons of cowpea is produced annually in Nigeria. The grain legume is attacked by an array of insect pests that cause varying degrees of crop loss. Crosses between cultivated V. unguiculata and members of wild Vigna was carried out by Agwaranze 1992 and Adetula 1999. The results showed that fertilization did not occur in most of the crosses. Information on the chromosome morphology of the two species will be incorporated in plant breeding programs. Colchicine (0.05%) treated root tips of Vigna unguiculata TVu14476 and Vigna unguiculata ssp. Dekindtiana var pubescens (TVNu 110-3A) were fixed in 3:1 alcohol:glacial acetic acid for 12-24 h at 4°C. Root tips were then hydrolysed in 1 N HCl at 60°C for 10 min, macerated, squashed and stained using formic lactic propionic-orcein (FLP-orcein). Karyotypes of the two genotypes of the Vigna species were carried out by taking the measurement of the chromosomes from photomicrographs in mm. The chromosomes on the photographs were numbered and arranged in order of decreasing length and long – short arm were taken and converted to microns. The chromosomes were paired and compared. RESULT AND DISCUSSION  Mitotic chromosome number of 22 was observed in cowpea accession V. unguiculata (TVu14476) (Figure 1). The chromosome number varied in V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. pubescens (TVNu110-3A). About 20% of the observed cells showed mitotic chromosome number of 23 (Figure 2). This is unique and it has been confirmed in the meiotic chromosome by Adetula (1999). On the basis of arm ratios, the chromosomes of Vigna were classified as metacentric, submetacentric, subtelocentric, and acentric. Means of chromosome lengths, arm ratio, centromere index and centromere position of TVu14476 and TVNu110-3A are presented in Tables 1 and 2, respectively, while their ideograms are depicted in Figures 3 and 4, respectively. The characteristics of TVu14476 and TVNu110-3A chromosomes are presented in Tables 3 and 4, respectively. The karyotype of V. unguiculata TVu14476 consisted of seven metacentric, one submetacentric, one subtelocentric, and two telocentric chromosomes.  The karyotype of TVNu110-3A consisted of six metacentric, one submetacentric, two subtelocentric, and two telocentric chromosomes.564       Afr. J. Biotechnol.     Table 1. Means of chromosome lengths, arm ratio, centromere index and centromere position of Vigna unguiculata spp. unguiculata (TVu14476).  Chromosome Short arm mm Long arm  (mm) Total Length (mm) Long/short arm ratio Centomere index Centomere position 1 1.50±0.05 2.09±0.02 3.64±0.04 1.39 41.21 M 2 1.42±0.02 1.43±0.01 2.85±0.02 1.01 49.82 M 3 1.21±0.02 1.49±0.01 2.70±0.02 1.23 44.81 M 4 1.34±0.01 1.35±0.02 2.69±0.02 1.01 49.82 M 5 1.28±0.03 1.29±0.01 2.39±0.01 1.01 49.81 M 6 1.19±0.01 1.20±0.01 2.39±0.01 1.01 49.79 M 7 1.19±0.01 1.20±0.01 2.40±0.01 1.01 49.58 M 8 1.20±0.00 1.95±0.00 3.15±0.01 1.63 38.10 SM 9 0.83±0.01 1.58±0.01 2.40±0.01 1.90 34.58 ST 10 0.00±0.00 2.78±0.00 2.78±0.00 0.00 0.00 T 11 0.00±0.00 2.78±0.01 2.78±0.01 0.00 0.00 T  M = metacentric, SM = submetacentric, ST = subtelocentric, T = telocentric.    Table 2.  Means of chromosome lengths, arm ratio, centromere index and centromere position of V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. pubescens (TVNu110-3A).  Chromosome Long arm (mm) Short arm (mm) Total Length (mm) Long/short arm ratio Centomere index Centromere position 1 1.28±0.06 1.28±0.07 2.56±0.11 1.00 50.00 M 2 1.10±0.08 1.11±0.03 2.21±0.08 1.01 49.77 M 3 1.00±0.35 1.11±0.03 2.15±0.34 1.11 46.51 M 4 0.85±0.01 0.99±0.03 1.84±0.04 1.16 46.20 M 5 1.01±0.05 0.99±0.04 2.00±0.04 0.98 50.50 M 6 0.64±0.01 1.42±0.03 2.06±0.03 2.22 31.07 M 7 0.49±0.03 1.42±0.03 1.61±0.03 2.29 30.43 SM 8 0.57±0.04 1.49±0.00 2.06±0.03 2.61 27.67 ST 9 0.50±0.01 1.70±0.12 2.20±0.10 3.40 22.73 ST 10 0.00±0.00 2.40±0.01 2.40±0.01 0.00 0.00 T 11 0.00±0.00 1.70±0.06 1.70±0.06 0.00 0.00 T      2µm   Figure 1. Vigna unguiculata (TVu 14476); 2n =22.         4 µm   Figure 2. Vigna unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. pubescens (110 -3A); 2n=23.                  Figure 3. Idiogram of cowpea line V. unguiculata TVu14476.             3.0  2.5 2.0  1.5 1.0  0.5 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Long arm µm Short arm µm   Figure 4.  Idiogram of V. unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. pubescens (TVNu110-3A).    Table 3. Characteristics of V. unguiculata (TVu14476) chromosomes.  Chromosome Characteristics 1 and 8    2, 3 and 4  5, 6 and 7  9   10 and 11 Chromosome 1 was the largest in the group followed by chromosome 8 which was sub metacentric.  Medium, closely similar size and metacentric.  Similar sizes and metacentric.  Subtelocentric; the centromere was close to the terminal and darkly stained.  Acentric chromosomes.   Adetula         565    Table 4. Characteristics of Vigna unguiculata ssp. dekindtiana var. pubescens (TVNu110-3A) chromosomes.  Chromosome Characteristics 1 2 3  4   5   6   7  8   9   10  11 Long metacentric with satellites. Metacentric with bands on the short arm. Medium, metacentric with bands on both arms.  Medium, metacentric with bands on both the short and long arms.  Medium, metacentric with prominent band on the short arm.  Medium, metacentric with bands on both the short and long arms.  Long, submetacentric uniformly stained.  Long, submetacentric with band on the short arm.  Long, subtelocentric with band on the long arm.  Long, telocentric.  Small, telocentric.    ACKNOWLEDGEMENT  This work was carried out at the Biotechnology Laboratory of International Institute of Tropical Research Institute, Ibadan ,Nigeria   REFERENCES  Adetula OA (1999) Karyotype and Centromeric banding pattern of chromosomes in Vigna species. PhD Thesis University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Nigeria.  Agwaranze NF. (1992) Morphological variability Inheritance of pubescence in Vigna vexillata (L) Rich and the Histology of hybrid between wild Vigna and cultivated Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp). PhD Thesis University of Ibadan, Ibadan. Nigeria.              3.0    2.5 2.0     1.5 1.0     0.5 0    0.5 1.0    1.5 2.0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11  Long arm µm Short arm µm 

Comparative study of the karyotypes of two Vigna sub species

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Effects of fertilizer phosphorus and poultry droppings treatments on growth and nutrient components of pepper (Capsicum annuum L)

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