In this study, water samples were collected from four different stations in Sar.msakl. Dam Lake from May 2001 to June 2002 monthly to determine the trophic situation of lake. Additionally, physical parameters of water such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, light permeability were measured in the field and status of surface active substance, sulphur, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, total phosphate, oxygen saturation were analysed in Environment MinistryReference Laboratory. Zooplankton samples were collected with a plankton net mesh size of 55 ƒÊm horizontally and vertically and they were fixed with 4% formaldehyde. The results of the light permeability, basic water quality parameters and dominant zooplankton species indicated that the lake studied was eutrophic. Furthermore, biotic index confirmed this result. The Lake examined in study area was partly polluted with different sources, because the study area is liable to human activities. If the pollution is not prevented, it may endanger the lives of living organisms here in future. Knowledge on the trophic situation of Sar.msakl. Dam Lake is not well established; so all of the zooplankton species determined are new records

Aydin, D

English

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African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 8 (22), pp. 6295-6300, 16 November, 2009     Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2009 Academic Journals      Full Length Research Paper  Determination of trophic situation of Sarimsakli Dam Lake (Kayseri-Turkey)   Didem Aydin1 and Seyhan Ahiska2*  1Erciyes University, Faculty of Arts and Science Department of Biology, 38039 Kayseri/ Turkey. 2Ankara University, Faculty of Science Department of Biology, 06100 Ankara / Turkey  Accepted 12 October, 2009  In this study, water samples were collected from four different stations in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake from May 2001 to June 2002 monthly to determine the trophic situation of lake. Additionally, physical parameters of water such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity (EC), pH, light permeability were measured in the field and status of surface active substance, sulphur, nitrite, nitrate, total nitrogen, phosphate, total phosphate, oxygen saturation were analysed in Environment Ministry Reference Laboratory. Zooplankton samples were collected with a plankton net mesh size of 55 µm horizontally and vertically and they were fixed with 4% formaldehyde. The results of the light permeability, basic water quality parameters and dominant zooplankton species indicated that the lake studied was eutrophic. Furthermore, biotic index confirmed this result. The Lake examined in study area was partly polluted with different sources, because the study area is liable to human activities. If the pollution is not prevented, it may endanger the lives of living organisms here in future. Knowledge on the trophic situation of Sarımsaklı Dam Lake is not well established; so all of the zooplankton species determined are new records.  Key words: Sarımsaklı Dam Lake, trophic status, water quality, zooplankton.    INTRODUCTION  Sarımsaklı Dam, which is located at 32 km away from Kayseri city centre, is founded on Sarımsaklı Stream in 1968 for the purpose of irrigation (Figure 1). The surface area of the dam lake is 2.44 km2. Fish species of Com-mon Carp, Silverside and Zander were released to the dam lake. Agriculture and animal husbandry are common human practices around the dam lake. There is also a public picnic site around the lake.   MATERIALS AND METHODS  Study material was collected monthly between May 2001 and June 2002. Four stations were selected to characterize the whole lake area. Lots of streams ended to the lake area. There are also reedy areas around the lake. The management of Sarımsaklı Dam Lake has been handed over to an irrigation unity by General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works (DSI). Therefore, especially during the summertime, the water area  of  the  lake  decreased  and  in  some    *Corresponding author. E -mail: ahiska@sicence.ankara.edu.tr. Fax: +903122232395. months third and fourth stations were disappeared. The stations, however, reappeared with increasing rainfall and decreasing temperature. From each station, water samples of 1 Lt were taken for physical and chemical analyses of lake water. Water pH (WTW portable pH meter), dissolved oxygen (YSI 51 oxygen meter) and conductivity (WTW conductometer) were measured during the sampling process. Water temperature was determined with thermometry of pH meter  Light permeability was also measured during the sampling pro-cess with a 20 cm diameter Secchi disc. Water depth was deter-mined with sounding method. The rest of the variables of water quality, which are chemical oxygen demand (COD), surfactant, sul-phur, nitrate, nitrite, total nitrogen, phosphate, suspended solid matter and oxygen saturation, were determined at Reference Labo-ratory of Ministry of Environment of Turkey. Hensen type plankton net with a mouth diameter of 25 cm and mesh size of 55 µm (Hydro-Bios Kiel) was used to collect zooplank-ton samples. Zooplankton samples were collected by both vertical and horizontal hauls in each station. In vertical hauls, according to the depth of the stations, samples were taken from various depths. Plankton samples were placed to 100 ml plastic bottles and then 4% formaldehyde solution were also added. Taxonomic identifi-cation of the species was done according to Ward and Whipple, (1945),   Edmondson   (1959),   Needham  (1962),  Dussart  (1967),  6296         Afr. J. Biotechnol.      Figure 1. Map of study area and location of sampling station.    Kolisko (1974), Koste (1978) and Harding and Smith (1974).   RESULTS AND DISCUSSION   Maximum depth of the lake was measured as 20 m in May 2001. Third and fourth stations dried up in August, September and October 2001 due to water deficit. However, an increase in water level was observed after April 2002. During the study period, mean, minimum and maximum water temperatures were measured respectively as 15.6, 4.0°C (in February 2002) and 25.0°C (June 2002) in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake. It was not able to do sampling in December and January because of freezing of surface of the lake (Figure 2). Mean pH value of Sarımsaklı Dam Lake was 8.43 and minimum and maximum pH values were determined respectively as 7.0 (in September 2001 at 2nd station) and 9.3 (in November 2001 at 2nd station) (Figure 2). For the study period, mean, maximum and minimum electrical conductivity (EC) of Sarımsaklı Dam Lake were found respectively as 442.5 µS/cm, 520.0 µS/cm and  400.0 µS/cm (Figure 2). Mean Secchi depth was found to be 1.18 m in Sarım-saklı Dam Lake. Water clarity showed variation both depending on seasonal conditions and among stations. Maximum and minimum Secchi depths were measured respectively as 3.5 m in May 2002 at 1st station and 0.45 m in November 2001 at 3rd station (Figure 2). Mean, minimum and maximum dissolved oxygen con-centrations were measured respectively as 9.01, 5.6 mg/l (in May 2001 at 2nd station) and 13 mg/l (in June 2001 at 2nd station) in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake (Figure 2). Oxygen saturation levels and COD values were sea-sonally determined (for spring, summer, fall and winter).  Aydin and Ahiska         6297      Figure 2. Monthly change of average value in some physico-chemical parameters of Sarımsaklı Dam Lake in 2001 - 2002. 6298         Afr. J. Biotechnol.    Table 1. Analysing result for Sarımsaklı Dam Lake.  Parameters Station I Station II Station III Spr. Sum. Fall Win. Spr Sum Fall Win Spr Sum Fall Win pH  7.90 8.25 7.45 8.01 8.19 7.85 8.00 7.85 8.43 8.06 7.75 7.91 Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 17 34 18.00 68 27 31 25 64 27 31 24 90 Surface active substance mg/l 0.36 0.94 0.28 0.07 0.16 0.19 0.14 < 0.05 1.46 0.49 0.33 0.11 Sulphur mg/l 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.05 0.05 Nitrate mg/l 1.71 < 0.05 0.04 0.5 1.63 < 0.5 0.05 < 0.1 1.65 < 0.1 0.05 1.7 Nitrite mg/l 0.068 0.04 1.72 0.05 0.06 0.03 1.64 0.04 0.005 0.03 1.69 0.05 Total nitrogene mg/l 2.3 0.3 2.0 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 2.7 0.3 2.5 1.8 Total phosphate mg/l < 0.05 < 0.5 < 0.4 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.5 < 0.4 < 0.05 < 0.05 < 0.5 < 0.4 < 0.05 Phosphate mg/l 0.1 < 0.3 < 0.2 0.2 0.2 < 0.3 < 0.1 0.3 0.1 < 0.3 < 0.1 0.3 Oxygen saturation mg/l 57 17.1 14 4.5 65 16.0 17 6.7 60 16.6 13 6.5    Mean oxygen saturation level throughout the year was 37.75% and minimum and maximum values were found respectively as 4.5% (in winter period at 1st station) and 65% (in spring period at 2nd station). Mean, minimum and maximum values of COD were found respectively as 53.5, 17 and 90 mg/l (Table 1). Some nutrients (nitrite, nitrate, sulphur, total nitrogen, phosphate, total phosphorous) and some other variables (such as COD, surfactant and suspended solid matter) were seasonally investigated in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake (Table 1). During the study between May 2001 and June 2002, a total of 45 species were determined. Of these species, 57% was Rotifers, 21% was Clado-cerans and 22% was Copepods. It was deter-mined that Rotifers was predominant in terms of both number of species and density (BS/m3) (Table 2). Water regime has frequently changed in the dam lake due to irrigation, the lake is shallow and no stratification was determined between surface and deep waters. Even in months that minimum temperatures were found, Rotifers were predomi-nant in the lake in terms of species diversity and density. This may show that Rotifer group inclu-des species with a high tolerance against variable  temperatures. Minimum dissolved oxygen level of water should not be below 5.0 mg/l to sustain the aquatic life under aerobic conditions in freshwater ecosys-tems (Gülle, 1999). This value was not found to be a limiting factor for life in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake. Mean pH value of Sarımsaklı Dam Lake was measured as 8.43 and pH varied between 7.0 and 9.3. According to Turkish Environmental Regu-lation, a pH value between 6.5 and 8.5 should be obtained if lake, pond and dam lake reservoirs are natural protection area or for recrea-tional usage (Tanyolac, 2000). It is known that high EC values are a good indicator of eutrophic waters (Radwan, 1984). Mean, maximum and minimum EC values of Sarımsaklı Dam Lake were measured respect-tively as 442.5, 520.0 and 400.0 µs/cm. Since there was no stratification within the lake, an important difference among EC values was not observed during the study period. Secchi depth is one of the values using as an indicator of trophic state of a lake, as well. According to their trophic states and based on OECD limit values, lakes were classified as eutrophic (0.8-1.5 m), mezotrophic (1.4-2.4 m) and oligotrophic (3.6-5.9) (Ryding and Rast, 1989). Mean Secchi depth was found as 1.18 m in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake. Minimum and maximum values were measured respectively as 0.45 m (in November 2001 at 3rd station) and 3.5 (in May 2001 at 1st station). According to the classification above, Sarımsaklı Dam Lake is a lake with eutrophic character. The results of the present study show that Sarımsaklı Dam Lake is an eutrophic lake in terms of water quality parameters and zooplankton spe-cies. This shows that the trophic state of the dam lake has been changed to an eutrophic state. The main reason of this is that the high amount of pollutants has entered into the dam lake. There-fore, it is immediately needed to get some measures for conservation of water quality of the dam lake. The zooplankton species detected in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake are new records since there  Aydin and Ahiska         6299    Table 2. Temporal distribution of most abundant Rotifera, Cladocera and Copepoda species in Sarımsaklı Dam Lake between in May 2001 and June 2002.  Species 2001 2002 M J J A S O N F M A M J Rotifera Synchaeta littoralis   + − − − − − − + + − − − Synchaeta oblonga   − + − − − − − − − − − + Synchaeta pectinata  − − − − + − − − + − + − Polyarthra vulgaris + + + + + + + + + + + + Polyarthra dolichoptera + + + − + + + − + + + + Keratella quadrata                  + + + − + + + + + + + + Keratella cochlearis                 − − − − + + + + + + − − Testudinella mucronata          + − − − − + − − − − + − Testudinella patina          + + − − − − − − − − + − Euchlanis dilatata                    + − − − − − − − − − + − Lecane closterocerca + − − − − − − − − − − − Lecane hamata − − − − − − − + − − − − Cephalodella catellina + − − − − − − − − − − − Cephalodella gibba − − − + + − − − − − − − Colurella adriatica                   + − − − − − − + − − − + Colurella uncinata                    + − − − − − − − − − − − Trichocerca stylata                                        − + − + + − − − − − − + Trichocerca pusilla − − − − + − − − − − − − Trichocerca elongata + − − + − − − − − − + − Ascomorpha saltans − + + − + − − − − − − + Conochilus sp − + + − − − − − − − − + Hexarthra fennica − + + + + − + + − − − + Asplancha girodi − − − − − − − − + + − − Asplancha priodontha − + + + + − − − + + − + Asplancha sieboldi − + − + + − − − − + − + Filinia terminalis                                            − − − − + − − + +  − − Filinia longiseta                                           − − − + + − − + + + − − Lepadella ovalis                                              − − − − − − − + − − − − Notholca squamula                                          − − − − − − − − + − − − Notholca aqumunata                                        − − − − − − − − + + − − Monommata s.                                                − + − − − + + − − − − − Rotaria rotatoria                                                  − − − − − − − − + − − − Philodina megalotrocha                                   − − − − − − − − + − − − Cladocera   Diaphanosoma brachyurum   − + + + + − − − − − − + Daphnia magna  + + + − − + − − − − + − Daphnia longispina + + + + − + + + + + + + Daphnia pulex + + − − − + + − − + + + Ceriodaphnia quadrangula                 + + + + + − − − − − − + Macrothrix  laticornis               + − − − − − − − − − − − Bosmina longirostris          + + + + + + + + + + + − Disparalona rostrata          + + − − − − − − − − + − Cydorus sphaericus                   + − − + + − − − − + + − Alona guttata + − − − − − − − − − − − Copepoda Cyclops vicinus + + + + + + + + + + + + Acanthadiaptomus denticornis + + + + + + + − − − − − 6300         Afr. J. Biotechnol.    is no previous study regarding this subject in the lake.    REFERENCES  Dussart B (1967). Les Copépodes des eaux continentales D’ Europa Occidentale Tome: I Calanoides et Harpacticoides, Editions N. Boubee’ and cie, 500p, Paris. Edmondson WT (1959). Rotifera in freshwater biology. Second edition, John Wiley and sons inc. New York, pp. 420-494. Gülle I (1999). Kovada Gölü zooplanktonunun sistematik ve ekolojik yönden aratırılması. Yüksek lisans tezi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, Eirdir. Harding JP, Smith WA (1974). A key to the British Freshwater Cyclopoid an Calanoid Copepods. 2. edition. Freshwater Biol. Ass. Sci. Publ., no 18, U.K.                                                            Kolisko RA (1974). Plankton rotifers biology and taxonomy biological station lunz of the Austrian Academy of science, Stuttgart. Koste W (1978). Die Radertiere Mittelevrapas I. Textband. Berlin, Stuttgart, p. 670. Needham JG (1962). A guide to the study of freshwater biology. 5. Edition, Holden Day Inc., San Francisco. Ryding, SO, Rast W (1989). The Control of Eutrophication of Lakes and Reservoirs. Man and the Biosphere Series Volume I. The Parthenon Publishing Group. pp. 1-314. Radwan S (1984). The Influence of some abiotic factors on the rotifers of Teczna and Wtodowa Lake District. Hydrobiologia, 112: 117-124. Tanyolac J (2000). Limnoloji, Hatipolu Yayınevi, 263s., Ankara. Ward B, Whipple GC (1945). Freshwater biology, second edition, John Wiley and Sons inc. New York.     

Determination of trophic situation of Sarimsakli Dam Lake (Kayseri-Turkey)

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Determination of trophic situation of Sarimsakli Dam Lake (Kayseri-Turkey)

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