A study was conducted to evaluate effects of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste on the haemotology, reproductive and urinary parameters of West African dwarf (WAD) does. Twenty mature WAD does were allotted randomly to one four treatments using a completely randomized design arrangement. Does were individually fed the experimental diets containing 0, 20, 30 and 40% fungus treated cassava waste based diets (A, B, C and D, respectively) during the 56 days experiment. The blood parameters (PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC) of animals fed the tested diet compared with those fed the control diet are similar (p>0.05). Likewise, the pH, urea concentration of the urine were comparable (P>0.05) in does fed the experimental and control diets while the urobilinogen was normal across the diets. Fertility, fecundityand prolificacy rates showed better reproductive performance with diet D compared to that of diets A, B and C. These data indicate that addition of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste in the diet of goats hadno detrimental effect on the haematological, urinary and reproductive performances of lactating WAD does

Belewu, KY

Belewu, MA

Bello, IO

English

AJOL - African Journals Online

African Journal of Biotechnology Vol. 5 (21), pp. 2037-2040, 2 November 2006 Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJB ISSN 1684–5315 © 2006 Academic Journals         Full Length Research Paper  Effects of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste in the diets of West African dwarf goat on blood, reproductive and urinary parameters  Belewu, M. A.*, Belewu, K. Y. and Bello, I. O.  Ruminant Nutrition and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory Department of Animal Production, University of llorin, Nigeria.  Accepted 23 May, 2006  A study was conducted to evaluate effects of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste on the haemotology, reproductive and urinary parameters of West African dwarf (WAD) does. Twenty mature WAD does were allotted randomly to one four treatments using a completely randomized design arrangement. Does were individually fed the experimental diets containing 0, 20, 30 and 40% fungus treated cassava waste based diets (A, B, C and D, respectively) during the 56 days experiment. The blood parameters (PCV, Hb, RBC and WBC) of animals fed the tested diet compared with those fed the control diet are similar (p>0.05). Likewise, the pH, urea concentration of the urine were comparable (P>0.05) in does fed the experimental and control diets while the urobilinogen was normal across the diets. Fertility, fecundity and prolificacy rates showed better reproductive performance with diet D compared to that of diets A, B and C. These data indicate that addition of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste in the diet of goats had no detrimental effect on the haematological, urinary and reproductive performances of lactating WAD does.  Key words: Trichoderma, cassava waste, goats, haematological, urinary and reproductive parameters.   INTRODUCTION  The West African dwarf (WAD) goat, together with other indigenous goats (Sahel, Red Sokoto or Maradi), are the only acknowledged goat in West Africa. In 15 countries of the West Africa humid zone, 38 percent of about 38 million goats are considered to belong to the West Africa dwarf (Christian, 1996).  Despite the population of goats in West Africa in general and Nigeria in particular, the country cannot meet the demand of animal protein per person per day of the total protein intake (FAO, 1965). The low animal protein intake could be attributed to poor quality and quantity of available  forage  as   well   as   non-availability   of   feed   *Corresponding authors E-mail: mlkyinka@yahoo.com especially during the dry season. Additionally, there are increases in the price of the conventional feed ingredients available due to the competition between the livestock industry and man. Preliminary  studies indicate that pre-digestion with degrading enzymes make plant cell walls available as a source of energy while providing significant extra amount of protein (fungal protein) and minerals (Jacqueline and Visser, 1996) to the animals. Limitations in energy and protein intake impose a restriction on the microbial population in the rumen, which has specific nutrient requirement for optimal growth (Robinson, 1982). Low quality roughages may not satisfy microbial or host needs; hence increasing the supply of protein to small intestine may be beneficial during pregnancy. Limited information exists concerning feeding fungal treated diet to lactating does. Hence, the objective  of  the  2038           Afr. J. Biotechnol.    study was to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma-treated cassava based diet on hematological, urinary and reproductive status of lactating WAD does.   MATERIALS AND METHODS   Fungal strain and cultivation condition  Trichoderma harzanium was obtained from the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) Ibadan, Nigeria.  The fungus was maintained on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) containing in Petri dishes at ambient temperature.    Substrate preparation, inoculation and incubation  Cassava waste (containing the rinds, pulp plus rind and some smaller tubers) was collected from gari processing centre around Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. It was sun dried, milled and later autoclaved at 121°C, 15 psi for 15 min so as to destroy any microbes. The content was allowed to cool and later inoculated with the spores of T. harzanium. Each bag (250 g) of sterilized substrate was inoculated with 10 ml of the spore suspension containing 107 spores per ml. The inoculated substrates were later incubated at ambient temperature. On the 10th day the substrate was fully covered by the fungus. The substrate was then oven dried at 70°C in a forced air dried laboratory oven for 24 h so as to terminate the fungus growth as well as prevent the protein from denaturing.    Animal and management  Twenty does aged between 2 and 3 years and weighing between 15 and 23 kg used for the experiment were treated against ecto and endo-parasites using IVOMEC while L.A  oxytetracycline injection was administered to protect the animals against cold and other related disorders.    Oestrus synchronization  Each does was given orally, two tablets of Janova once daily for two successive days and it was repeated after 10 days in case no oestrus or weak oestrus was observed (each capsule containing Pippali 50 mg, Sunthi 50 mg, Indrararuni 500 mg, Marich 50 mg excipients 9.5). All animals were hand mated. A matured aproned buck was used to detect oestrus (heat). Oestrus detection was carried out twice daily (am and pm) for 3 successive days post synchronization with the aid of vasectomised buck. Animals that show oestrus were again given Janova tablets and later mated with aspermatic buck until the end of oestrus period.  Animals that did not show any signs of heat were again checked between 17 and 25 days and then bred if they showed any heat. Animals were assumed to have being pregnant after 30 days of non-return period.   Experimental diets  The does were randomized against the experimental diets. Animals were fed the experimental diets consisting of diet A with 40% of untreated cassava waste while diets B. C and D were having Trichoderma-treated cassava waste in the proportion of 20, 30 and 40%, respectively. Other ingredients were of fixed amount in all the diets (Table 1) Watering and feeding were  given  ad-libitum.  Blood      and urine parameters Blood samples were taken from the jugular vein of the experimental animals fortnightly into EDTA bottles and gently mixed for haemotological parameters determination. The erythrocytes and leucocytes were determined by Wootton (1964) method (using hemocytometer), packed cell volume (PCV) was measured by Wintrobe tube to ensure complete packing because of the small size of caprine erythrocytes (Jain, 1993) Hemoglobin concentration was estimated by Hb kit (Drabken, 1949). Early morning urine sample was collected for the determination of various parameters; leucocyte, nitrite, pH, blood, ketone, bilirubin, sugar, urea and urobilinogen. While the following reproductive parameters were calculated according to Charring et al (1992); fertility rate, fecundity rate, prolificacy rate, kidding rate and litter size.  Chemical analysis  Samples of treated and untreated diets were subjected to proximate analysis using the method of A0AC (1990).    Statistical analysis  All data were subjected to a completely randomized design model according to Steel and Torrie (1980). While differences between means were assessed using Duncan (1955) multiple range test.    RESULTS AND DISCUSSION  The experimental diets were well accepted and no nutritional problem was observed during the experimental period. The examination of the haemotological parameters is recommended by WHO (1963) which indicated that blood evaluation is a good way of assessing the health status of animals as it play a vital roles in the physiological, nutritional and pathological status of the organism. The WBC (white blood cells) and its precussors; lymphocytes. eosinophill and neutrophills, increased from diets A to D as the inclusion level of fungus treated cassava waste  increased  in the diet of the experimental animals (Table 2). However, the values fell within the normal level reported for goat (Jain and Kaneko, 1986). The increasing values are indications of the defense mechanism of the experimental animals used in this study. The value of RBC (red blood cell) obtained fell within the normal range for animals of similar age group which is an indication that the diets are beneficial to the animals. Abnormalities of RBC may be due to diarrhoea, ulcer, bleeding, neoplasma blocking and parasites. However, none of these was observed in this study. There was an increasing PCV (pack cell volume) for the fungus treated cassava waste based diets. This shows that the diets are adequate in protein (Lloyd, 1982). However, the PCV values also fell within the normal range of between 22 - 38% (Kaneko, 1989). Haemoglobin functions as the carrier of oxygen. The value of haemoglobin reported here agreed with the value reported elsewhere. Apart from urea level of the urine which showed signifi-cant variations, other parameters (leucocytes, nitrite, pH, blood ketone, bilirubin, sugar and urobilinogen) were una- Belewu et al.      2039    Table 1. Composition of the experimental diets (%).                      Table 2. Influence of experimental diet on blood parameters      Table 3. Influence of the experimental diets on Urinary parameters.  DIETS Parameters A B C D +SEM Leucocyte ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Nitrite ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- PH 8.10 8.2 8.3 8.2 0.05 Blood ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Ketone ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Bilirubin ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Sugar ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- Urea 22.22a 25.62b 24.68b 32.73c 1.56* Urobilinogen Normal Normal Normal Normal     ffected by the diet. They were found to be normal (Table 3). The total and relative excretion of urea is primarily a function of nitrogen intake (Topps, 1966). The highest level of urea recorded for the fungus treated diet D is an indication that the diet has increased percentage of protein. The enhancement of such protein could probably be due to the additional of fungal protein produced during pre-digestion of cassava waste by T. harzanium.  DIETS Ingredients (%) A B C D Untreated cassava waste 40 20 10 ---- Fungus treated cassava waste --- 20 30 40 Sorghum dried brewers grain 15 15 15 15 Wheat Offal 15 15 15 15 Palm kernel cake 28 28 28 28 Salt  1 1 1 1 Vitamin – mineral premix 1 1 1 1 Total (kg) 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Chemical Composition (%) Dry matter  89.35 91.15 92.15 90.85 Crude Protein 12.47 16.37 18.72 23.36 Crude Fibre 11.84 9.53 8.82 7.48 Ether extract 7.72 6.25 6.23 6.49 Ash 8.63 6.65 7.70 6.62 Parameters DIETS  A B C D +SEM Packed cell volume (%) 24.25 28.13 30.75 35.75 3.42 Haemoglobin 8.09 9.31 10.32 11.23 1.12 Red blood cell 6.18 8.50 12.83 13.31 0.64 White blood cell (ml) 4000 4200 4500 5000 10.53 Lymphocyte (ml)  2000 2500 2550 2800 6.41 Neutrophil (ml)  1200 1500 1530 1600 3.22 Eosinophil (ml) 8.50a 2.15b 7.60a 3.90b 1.19 2040           Afr. J. Biotechnol.    Table 4.    Influence of the experimental diets on the reproductive parameters.  DIETS Parameters A B C D Fertility rate (%) 33.50 33.30 33.20 66.70 Fecundity rate (%) 100 100 100 100 Prolificacy rate (%) 165 165 150  Kidding rate (%) 100 100 100 100 Av. Wt of kids (kg) 1.30 1.40      The fertility, kidding and fecundity rates were highest in does fed diet D compared to diets A, B and C. The prolificacy rate (%) was better in diet D followed by B, C and A in that order. The prolificacy rate obtained in the fungus treated diet was similar to the report of Muna et al. (1998). The kidding rate was found to be 100% while weight of kids was highest with diet D (1.45 kg) than other diets (Table 4). In conclusion, supplementations of lactating does with Trichoderma-treated cassava waste significantly impro-ved does nutritional status. The improved nutritional sta-tus was presumably related to a more desirable ruminal environment for microbial growth and increased protein reaching the small intestine of the experimental animals.    REFERENCES  AOAC (1990). Association of Official Analytical Chemists Official methods of analysis. 15"' edn. Arlington D. C.  Charring JH, Levis JM (1992). Manual of sheep production in the Humid  Tropics of Africa. C. A. B. Int. pp. 144. Christian G (1996). Goat Breeds of the World CTA - Weixersheim: Margraf 1996 Postbus 380. 6700 A J Wageningen. The Netherlands.  Duncan DB (1955). Multiple ranges and multiple F test Biometrics 11: 1 -42. Drabken DI (1949). Standardisation of haemoglobin measurement Am( r ) J. mech. Sci. 217: 710. FA0 (1965). Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Protein Requirement, Nutrition Meeting Report 1965 Series.   p. 37, 71. Jacqueline EW, Broerse, Bert Visser (1996). Assessing the Potential: In Biotechnology Building on Farmer's Knowledge. Edited by Joske Bunders Bertus  Haverkort, WIM Hiermstra Published by Macmillian Education Ltd.. London and Basingstoke. Jain NC (1993). Essential of Veterinary haematology comparative Haematology of common Domestic Animals.  Lea, Febigers, Philadephia PA. Kanko JJ (1989). Clinical Biochem. of Domestic Animals. 4th edn. New York  Academic Press.  pp 44 - 46 Lloyd S (1982). Characteristics and the nutrition of ruminants.British Vet. J.  138: 0-85.  Muna MMA, Makawi AS (1998) Synchronization of oestrus in Nubian Goats. Small uminant Res. 30: 113-120  Robinson JJ (1982) Pregnancy In: I E Coop (Ed). Sheep and Goal Production. pp. ll8. Elsevier Sci. Publ. Co..Amsterdam. The      Netherlands.  Steel RDG, Torrie JH (1980). Principle and Procedures of statistics. A Biometrics Approach (2nd edn) Mc-Graw HilI Co New York. p.623 Topps.  Topps JH (1966). Proc. Nutrition Soc. 25:19 Wootton, T. D. P. (1964). Micro - analysis in Medical Biochem 4th edn.  Church Hill Ltd.. London WH0 (1963) Technical Report series 25S. Expert Committee on Medical Assessment of Nutritional Status. WHO Geneva.     

Effects of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste in the diets of West African dwarf goat on blood, reproductive and urinary parameters

https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajb/article/download/55936/44392

Effects of Trichoderma-treated cassava waste in the diets of West African dwarf goat on blood, reproductive and urinary parameters

Abstract

Similar works

Full text

Available Versions

AJOL - African Journals Online