Mirambo, Mariam M

Mshana, Stephen E

Mushi, Martha F

Ngeta, Nathaniel

English

AJOL - African Journals Online

Letter to the editor 2: Predictors of  oesophageal candidiasis in persons with or without HIV infectionMartha F Mushi1, Nathaniel Ngeta2, Mariam M Mirambo1, Stephen E. Mshana11. Microbiology and Immunology Department; Weill Bugando School of  Medicine, P.O. Box 1464, Mwanza,    Tanzania.2. Department of  Internal Medicine Weill Bugando School of  Medicine, P.O. Box 1464 Mwanza, Tanzania.DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v18i2.33Cite as: Mushi MF, Ngeta N, Mirambo MM, Mshana SE. Letter to the editor 2: Predictors of  oesophageal candidiasis in persons with or without HIV infection. Afri Health Sci. 2018;18(2): 470-471. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v18i2.33In reply,With great curiosity we have read the letter to editor by Bongomin F. and colleagues1 written as a comment to our recent published article in African Health Sciences2, we appreciate their interest to our article and inputs. The interest of  the study was to investigate the risk factors for esophageal candidiasis (EC). The risk factors are clearly indicated in the original manuscript regardless of  HIV sta-tus1. In addition, HIV was also analysed as one of  the risk factor as previously reported elsewhere 3,4. The increase in age was found to protect the patients from developing EC as previous published5. In order not to confuse the reader, the odd ratio and 95%confidence interval for age variable in table 2 in the original article1 was reversed to show the decrease in age as the risk of  ECand presented in the abstract and content of  the original manuscript1.In addition, in this letter to editor we have included re-sults regarding factors associated with EC in HIV nega-tive individuals. Of  554 HIV negative patients, 20(3.6%) had EC. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, in-crease in age independently protected HIV negative pop-ulation from getting EC (OR 0.95, 95%CI; 0.92-0.99; p=0.0035), whilebeing female (OR 11.74, 95%CI; 1.55-88.82; p=0.017), alcohol use(OR 20.45, 95%CI; 4.89-86.56; <=0.001), smoking(OR 5.44, 95%CI; 1.18-25.12; p=0.03), antibiotic use(OR 5.2, 95%CI; 1.67-16.21; p<0.005), and having peptic ulcer diseases  (OR 8.24, 95%CI; 2.21-30.72; p<0.002) independently predicted EC among HIV negative patients (table 4).  Table 4: Risk factors associated with esophageal candidiasis among HIV negative patients attending endoscopy unit (n=554)   PUD is the peptic ulcer diseases; some known variable like use of corticosteroid, having diabetic and asthma were not include in multivariate analysis because the patients with EC were very few which could lead to a very wide confidence interval. Variable  Univariate  Multivariate     EC    n (%) OR(95%CI) P value OR(95%CI) P Age* 3931-50 0.99(0.96-1.02) 0.365 0.95(0.92-0.99) 0.035 Sex       Male (307) 11(3.6) 1    Female (247) 9(3.6) 1.02(0.414-2.496) 0.97 11.74(1.55-88.82) 0.017 Alcohol       No (475) 6(1.3) 1    Yes (79) 14(17.7) 16.8(6.25-45.35) <0.001 20.45(4.89-86.56) <0.001 Smoking      No (515) 13(2.5) 1    Yes (39) 7(18) 8.45(3.15-22.64) <0.001 5.44(1.18-25.12) 0.03 Corticosteroid use      No (551) 18(3.3) 1    Yes (3) 2(66.7) 59.2(5.13-683.5) 0.001 - - Clinical presentation      No (241) 3(1.2) 1    Yes (313) 17(5.43) 4.56(1.32-15.73) 0.016 3.90(0.90-16.85) 0.068 Antibiotics use       No (448) 9(2.01) 1    Yes (106) 11(10.38) 5.64(2.27-14.01) <0.001 5.2(1.67-16.21) 0.005 Diabetic       Negative (542) 14(2.6) 1    Positive (12) 6(50.0) 37.7(10.81-131.62) <0.001 - - PUD      No (473) 13(2.8) 1    Yes (81) 7(8.6) 3.35(1.29-8.66) 0.013 8.24(2.21-30.72) 0.002 Asthma       No (550) 18(3.27) 1    Yes (4) 2(50.0) 29.56(3.94-221.79) 0.001 - - African Health Sciences Vol 18 Issue 2, June, 2018African Health Sciences© 2018 Mushi et al. Licensee African Health Sciences. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of  the Creative commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.   470Furthermore, we have noted that, the original published article did not incorporate the corrections which were presented during proofreading, for this reason we have presented the correct table 3 as seen below:Table 3: Characteristics of HIV negative patients with EC S/number Sex Age Presentation Alcohol Smoking Antibiotic Diabetic Cirrhosis PUD Asthma 1 Male 20 Hemoptysis Yes Yes No No Yes No No 2 Female 24 Ep. pain No No Yes No No Yes No 3 Male 32 Ep. Pain Yes Yes Yes No No No No 4 Female 30 Ep. Pain Yes No Yes No No No No 5 Male 47 Dysphagia Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 6 Female 17 Dysphagia No No No No No No Yes 7 Male 40 Ep. pain Yes No Yes No No Yes No 8 Female 38 Ep. pain Yes No No Yes No No No 9 Female 47 Ep. pain No No No Yes No No No 10 Male 77 Ep. pain Yes Yes Yes No No No No 11 Female 38 Ep. pain No No Yes No No Yes No 12 Male 34 UGIB Yes Yes No No No Yes No 13 Female 60 Ep. pain Yes No Yes No No Yes No 14 Male 28 Ep. pain Yes Yes No No No No No 15 Male 40 Dysphagia Yes No No Yes No Yes No 16 Male 36 Ep. pain Yes No Yes Yes No No No 17 Male 44 UGIB Yes Yes No No Yes No No 18 Female 62 Ep. pain No No No Yes No No No 19 Female 33 Ep. pain Yes No Yes No No Yes No 20 Male 23 Ep. pain No No Yes No No No Yes Note; Ep. Pain is epigastric pain and UGIB is upper gastro intestinal bleeding References 1. Bongomin F, Fayemiwo S: Predictors of  oesophageal candidiasis in persons with or without HIV infection. Afri Health Sci 2018, 18(2).2. Mushi MF, Ngeta N, Mirambo MM, Mshana SE: Pre-dictors of  esophageal candidiasis among patients attend-ing endoscopy unit in a tertiary hospital, Tanzania: a retrospective cross-sectional study. African Health Sciences 2018, 18(1):66-71.3. Crowe SM, Carlin JB, Stewart KI, Lucas CR, Hoy JF: Predictive value of  CD4 lymphocyte numbers for the de-velopment of  opportunistic infections and malignancies in HIV-infected persons. Journal of  acquired immune deficien-cy syndromes, 1991, 4(8):770-776.4. Martinez AC, Tobal FG, Ruiz-Irastorza G, Lopez AG, Navia FA, Sangrador CO, Arribas MM: Risk factors for esophageal candidiasis. European Journal of  Clinical Microbi-ology and Infectious Diseases, 2000, 19(2):96-100.5. Greenwald DA: Aging, the gastrointestinal tract, and risk of  acid-related disease. The American Journal of  Medi-cine Supplements 2004, 117(5):8-13.African Health Sciences Vol 18 Issue 2, June, 2018 471

Letter to the editor 2: Predictors of oesophageal candidiasis in persons  with or without HIV infection

Mshana, Stephen E.

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Letter to the editor 2: Predictors of oesophageal candidiasis in
persons with or without HIV infection

Letter to the editor 2: Predictors of oesophageal candidiasis in persons with or without HIV infection

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