Grobler, H.S.

Johnson, W.

Osazuwa, F.

English

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Non-enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis in children   Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2021; 22 (3): 420-421  420  Osazuwa et al. Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2021; 22 (3): 420 - 421                                                                                        https://www.afrjcem.org African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology. ISSN 1595-689X                                                     Jul 2021; Vol.22 No.3                                                                                              AJCEM/2110. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajcem                                                             Copyright AJCEM 2021: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i3.14                               Correspondence             Open Access Non-enteric adenovirus among children with gastroenteritis in Warri, Southern Nigeria *1,2Osazuwa, F., 2Johnson, W., and 2Grobler, H. S.           1MDS Molecular Services, Sub-Saharan African Office, Jabi, Abuja, Nigeria                                2MDS Molecular Services, Johannesburg, South Africa     *Correspondence to: favourdesires@gmail.com; +2348100792725 Received Feb 17, 2021; Revised Apr 17, 2021; Accepted Apr 18, 2021 Copyright 2021 AJCEM Open Access. This article is licensed and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attrition 4.0 International License <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/", which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided credit is given to the original author(s) and the source. Editor-in-Chief: Prof. S. S. Taiwo Adénovirus non entérique chez les enfants atteints de gastro-entérite à Warri, dans le sud du Nigéria *1,2Osazuwa, F., 2Johnson, W., et 2Grobler, H. S.       1MDS Molecular Services, Bureau de l'Afrique subsaharienne, Jabi, Abuja, Nigéria                             2MDS Molecular Services, Johannesburg, Afrique du Sud     *Correspondance à: favourdesires@gmail.com; +2348100792725 Dear Editor,      Gastroenteritis is a major cause of mortality among children in Sub-Saharan Africa and in different parts of the world affected by poverty, malnutrition and poor health stan- dards. Human adenovirus most especially the species belonging to HAdV-F types 40, 41, and HAdV-G type 52 are majorly implicated in child- hood gastroenteritis (1), while other species are associated with respiratory disease, obesity and conjunctivitis (2). We here present an unusual finding of the detection of an adenovirus species potentially known to be associated with respi- ratory disease in the stool specimen of a child with gastroenteritis in Warri, South-South geo- political region of Nigeria.     A cross-sectional study was conducted from March, 2018 to February, 2019. A total of 75 children with diarrhea from a pool of 356, attending paediatric outpatient clinic of Central Hospital, Warri, South-South region, Nigeria, were randomly selected. The protocol for this study was approved by the Ethics and Research Committee of the Ministry of Health of Delta with reference numbers CHW/VOL14/130. Consent to participate in this study was obtained from each parent or guardian on behalf of the partici- pants. Children with at least 3 episodes of diarrhea within 1 to 7 days, whose parents or guardians consented for their ward/children to participate were included in the study.    Stool specimens were collected into clean universal containers. The supernatants obtained from stool suspension of 50% in 1 ml sterile phosphate buffered saline were stored at -20oC for PCR assay of adenovirus. The stool specimens were initially screened for adenovirus using a rapid lateral flow immunochromato- graphic (LF-ICT) assay kit (Gastro Vir-Strip, Coris Bioconcept, Belgium). The result of this preliminary screening has been published (3).  DNA was extracted from all stool speci- mens of children positive for adenovirus by the LF-ICT assay (11/75) using QIAamp DNA stool kit (Qiagen, Germany) according to the manu- facturer instructions, and stored at −20 °C till time of amplification. The primer pairs used for real-time PCR of the partial gene regions of the viral capsid genes, were Ad-1 (5′-TTCCCCA TGG CICAYAACAC-3′) and Ad-2 (5′-CCCTGGTA KCCR ATRTTGTA-3′). The PCR cycling program was as follows; 94°C for 4 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94°C for 30 sec, 55°C for 30 sec, and 72°C for 1 min and a final extension cycle at 72°C for 7 min. The amplicons were purified using the QIAquick PCR purification kit (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). Nucleotide sequencing was done using Big Dye Terminator v 3.1 Cycle sequencerNon-enteric adenovirus gastroenteritis in children   Afr. J. Clin. Exper. Microbiol. 2021; 22 (3): 420-421  421    Fig 1: Phylogenetic tree of human adenovirus detected among children in Warri, Southern-Nigeria (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA) on 3130 DNA genetic analyzer (Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA), and sequences were edited using sequencher® version 5.4.6 DNA sequence ana- lysis software (Gene codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI, USA). Phylogenetic analysis of the detected human adenovirus was conducted using the MEGA X. All HAdv nucleotide sequ- ences obtained in this study were deposited into National Centre for Biotechnology Information (GenBank: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) under the accession number MN638716-MN638720.    Five of 11 (45.0%) children were posi- tive for HAdv on PCR. The report of phylogenetic analysis shows that 4 of the HAdv (MN638716-MN638719) clustered with the well-known HAdv genotype responsible for majority of HAdv associated gastroenteritis, HAdv F 41 (Fig 1). It was observed that one of the HAdv detected (MN638720) clustered with HAdv C 5, an HAdv genotype usually detected in patients with respiratory disease.     The finding of non-enteric HAdv species among children with diarrhea has been reported in previous studies in other countries (4,5,6). This study shows that non-enteric HAdv may also play a potential role in childhood gastro- enteritis in our study area. A major limitation of this study was the small sample size. Large sample size would have help establish the fre- quency of detection of non-enteric genotypes of HAdv among children with gastroenteritis in our study area. Further studies involving a large sample pool is advocated. Acknowledgements:  The authors appreciate MDS molecular Services, South Africa and DNA Labs Kaduna for assistance with laboratory analysis. Funding:   Authors received no external funds.  Authors’ contribution:  This study is part of the first author’s doctoral thesis in Medical Molecular Biology, University of Benin, Benin City. References: 1.  Jones, M. S., Harrach, B., Ganac, R. D., et al. "New adeno-  virus species found in a patient presenting with  gastroenteritis". J Virol.2007; 81 (11): 5978–5984.                                               2.  Voss, J. D., Atkinson, R.L, and Dhurandhar, N. V. "Role of  adenoviruses in obesity". Rev Med  Virol. 2015;25 (6):379– 387                                                                 3.  William, J. Q., and Osazuwa, F. Prevalence of  Adenovirus  among Children with Gastroenteritis/Diarrhea in Warri, Delta  State, Southern, Nigeria. Int J Pediatr. 2018; 6 (5): 7651-  7652                                                    4.  Kumthip, K, Khamrin, P., Ushijima, H., and Maneekarn,  N. Enteric and non-enteric adenoviruses associated with  acute gastroenteritis in  pediatric patients in Thailand, 2011  to 2017. PLoS One. 2019; 14(8): e0220263.                       5.  Afrad, M. H., Avzun, T., Haque, J., et al. Detection  of enteric- and non-enteric adenoviruses in gastroenteritis  patients, Bangladesh, 2012-2015. J Med Virol. 2018; 90 (4):  677-684.                                               6.  Moyo, S. J., Hanevik, K., Blomberg, B., et al. Prevalence  and molecular characterisation of human adenovirus in  diarrhoeic children in Tanzania; a case control study. BMC  Infect Dis. 2014; 14:666.  MN638716 Adenovirus HadV41 Nigeria gastroenteritis KM000033.Hadv41strain Tanzania Gastroenteritis KU641148.Hadv41strain Iraq Gastroenteritis MN564768 Hadv-C5 Respiratory Disease Iran MN638719 Adenovirus Hadv41 Nigeria Gastroenteritis JX179285.Hadv41strain USA Gatsroenteritis KY704384 Hadv C5 Respiratory disease Thailand KF307755.1.NorovirusBR Outgroup KF432185.Human adenovirus F strain Brazil Gastroenteritis MN638717 Adenovirus HadV41 Nigeria Gatroenteritis MN638718 Adenovirus HadV41 Nigeria Gastroenteritis MN638720:Adenovirus C5 Nigeria Gastroenteritis JX164009 Hadv C5-Respiratory disease Iran99463020121501234

Non-enteric adenovirus among children with gastroenteritis in Warri, Southern Nigeria

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Non-enteric adenovirus among children with gastroenteritis in Warri, Southern Nigeria

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