Narayana, C.

Sreelatha, S.

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142In Hevea brasiliensis, the Para rubber tree, asin many other perennial trees, the breedingprogramme is a long-term strategy. It takes almost23 years before any superior clone is released forcommercial planting (Simmonds, 1989; Mydin,2014). Utility of several physiological, molecularand biochemical parameters influencing rubberyield as early screening tools were investigated, andconcentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) inlatex was found as a potential marker for high yieldconsidering its central regulatory role in energymetabolism-related to rubber biosynthesis(Sreelatha et al., 2004). Tapping or extraction oflatex through the wounding of bark involves intensemetabolic processes. These dynamic metabolicprocesses include rubber biosynthesis andreconstitution of sub-cellular components duringlatex removal by tapping, which involves aconstant supply of energy in the form of ATP. Thesupply of sucrose and the availability of ATP playsa significant role in the latex regenerationprocesses. ATP is a source of energy for themobilization of different solutes across lutoidmembrane (Marin et al., 1981). Thus, high latex[ATP] could be an indicator for high rubber yieldin Hevea (Sreelatha et al., 2004).Previous studies using clones of Hevea havealready demonstrated that high yielding clonespossessed high latex [ATP]. Using clones withvariable rubber yields, it was demonstrated thathigh-yielding clones RRII 105 and RRIM 600 alsoRelationship between concentration of ATP in latexand yield potential in seedlings of Hevea brasiliensisand its implications in breedingC. Narayanan* and S. SreelathaRubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam-686 009, Kerala, India.(Manuscript Received: 23-04-2021, Revised: 28-06-2021, Accepted: 02-07-2021)Keywords: Full-sibs, half-sibs, Hevea, juvenile yield, latex [ATP], polycross progenies, seedling nurserydoi:10.25081/jpc.2021.v49.i2.7261Journal of Plantation Crops, 2021, 49(2): 142-145Short Scientific Report*Corresponding Author: cnarayanan@rubberboard.org.inpossessed high [ATP] (Sreelatha et al., 2004). Theabove study also showed that low yielding cloneshad very low [ATP]. In another study usingimmature plants and trees of ten clones with variablerubber yield, it was shown that high yielding cloneslike RRII 105, RRIM 600, PB 217 and PB 235displayed consistently high [ATP]. In the samestudy, low yielding clones like RRII 33 and RRII38 also had low [ATP], thus strengthening the viewthat high latex [ATP] could be an indicator of highrubber yield in Hevea. In a recent study, latex [ATP]was shown to have a significant positive correlationwith crop efficiency of the polyclonal population(r=0.76) and selected genotypes (r=0.61) (Dey et al.,2018). However, so far, no studies have been carriedout to assess the relationship between latex [ATP]and corresponding juvenile yield potential usingseedlings.In the Hevea breeding programme, ‘test-tap’ orjuvenile yield has been used as an estimator of yieldin young plants of H. brasiliensis (Varghese et al.,1989). Test tapping is carried out in two to three-year-old plants in a nursery, and the selections areevaluated in mature clonal trials after vegetativemultiplication through budding (Mydin andSaraswathyamma, 2005). Previous studies have usedmature trees of clonal and polyclonal origin forstudying the relationship between yield based onnormal tapping and latex [ATP] (Sreelatha et al., 2014;Dey et al., 2018). In the present study, weinvestigated the relationship between test-tap yield143potential and corresponding latex [ATP] using aseedling population in a nursery evaluation trial.The experimental population comprised ofseedling progenies (full-sibs, half-sibs and open-pollinated polycross progenies), which wereevaluated in a nursery trial in the farm of RubberResearch Institute of India (Kottayam, Kerala state,India). Details of the progenies and their pedigreeare given in Table 1. Standard procedures werefollowed for assessing the juvenile yield throughtest-tapping (Mydin and Saraswathyamma, 2005).The progenies were planted at a spacing of 60 cm x60 cm, and test-tapping was carried out at a height of20 cm from ground level. After discarding latex fromthe first five test-tappings, latex from the subsequent15 test tappings were collected, air-dried and weighedto compute mean test-tap yield as grams per tree pertap (g tree-1 tap-1). Test tapping was initiated from thethird year of planting, and the yield recording wascontinued for two more years. ATP concentration inlatex was determined in the third year of test-tapping(Amalou et al., 1992; Sreelatha et al., 2014). Dataon test-tap yield and latex [ATP] of progenies wereregressed to find the correlation.Mean test-tap yield and latex [ATP] of theprogenies are given in Table 2. Test-tap yield rangedfrom 0.3 to 31.5 g tree-1 tap-1, indicating very highvariability in the experimental population (Table 2).Among full-sibs, 14/C33 (RRII 414 x 90/21),followed by 14/A216 (RRII 414 x RO 230),recorded a high mean yield of 31.5 g tree-1 tap-1 and19.1 g tree-1 tap-1, respectively. Among hybrids ofRRII 105, one hybrid (14/A143) gave a mean yieldof 4.8 g tree-1 tap-1. The remaining two hybrids,14/A240 and 14/A236 recorded very low meanyields ranging from 0.3 to 1.0 g tree-1 tap-1.Half-sibs of Fx 516 had a mean yield rangingfrom 9.5 in 14/HS/Fx516/D5 to 28.2 g tree-1 tap-1 in14/HS/Fx516/D3. Similarly, there was a widevariation in yield among half-sibs of RRII 430 andRRII 414. The mean yield of half-sibs of RRII 414ranged from 6.6 in 14/HS/RRII414/D205 to 13.6 gtree-1 tap-1 in 14/HS/RRII414/D97. Half-sibs of RRII430 had a mean yield ranging from 5.9 in 14/HS/RRII430/D83 to 29.9 g tree-1 tap-1 in 14/HS/RRII430/C64. The half-sib of H. spruceana (14/HS/HSP/A154) gave the lowest yield of 0.4 g tree-1 tap-1.Progenies exhibited very high variation forlatex [ATP] (Table 2). Maximum ATP concentrationTable 1. Details of progenies and their parentageProgeny identity Parentage14/HS/Fx516/D3 HS of Fx 516  (F 4542 x AVROS 363)14/HS/Fx516/A248 HS of Fx 51614/HS/Fx516/A95 HS of Fx 51614/HS/Fx516/D5 HS of Fx 51614/HS/HSP/A154 HS of H. spruceana14/HS/RRII414/C3 HS of RRII 414  (RRII 105 x RRIC 100)14/HS/RRII414/D97 HS of RRII 41414/HS/RRII414/D205 HS of RRII 41414/HS/RRII414/D214 HS of RRII 41414/HS/RRII414/D209 HS of RRII 41414/HS/RRII414/C5 HS of RRII 41414/HS/RRII414/D215 HS of RRII 41414/HS/RRII430/C48 HS of RRII 430  (RRII 105 x RRIC 100)14/HS/RRII430/D248 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/C64 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D142 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D231 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D226 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D19 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D227 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D26 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D78 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D225 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D66 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D83 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D250 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D71 HS of RRII 43014/HS/RRII430/D138 HS of RRII 43014/OP/OPCES/A197 Polycross progeny14/A143 RRII 105 (Tjir 1 x Gl 1) x Fx 51614/A240 RRII 105 x RO 23014/A236 RRII 105 x RO 23014/C33 RRII 414 x 90/21 (RRII 105 x RO 142)14/A216 RRII 414 x RO 230Latex [ATP] and juvenile yield in Hevea(375.5 μM) was detected in 14/C33, which alsopossessed the maximum rubber yield (31.5 g tree-1tap-1). Very low [ATP] (46 μM) was recorded in 14/A236 (RRII 105 x RO 230), which also had a verylow rubber yield of 1.0 g tree-1 tap-1. Very lowyielding progenies 14/A240 (RRII 105 x RO 230;0.3 g tree-1 tap-1) and 14/HS/HSP/A154 (half-sib ofH. spruceana; 0.5 g tree-1 tap-1) also had very low[ATP] of 80 and 53 μM, respectively. Overall, high-144yielding half-sib selections of RRII 414, RRII 430and Fx 516 also had very high latex [ATP] of morethan 300 μM.Regression analysis revealed a directrelationship (R2=0.66) between latex [ATP] and test-tap yield of the progenies (Fig. 1), which conformedwith the earlier findings from investigations withclones (Sreelatha et al., 2014; Dey et al., 2018). Ingeneral, high-yielding progenies had more latex[ATP] than low-yielders and vice versa. ATP is adirect source of energy for the conversion of sucroseto poly-isoprene molecules (rubber). It indirectlyaffects rubber yield, mediated through lutoidmembrane ATPase activity (Sreelatha et al., 2014).Hence, higher levels of ATP in latex of high yieldingprogenies indicated that ATP could be involved inincreasing the efficiency of rubber biosynthesis, asreported earlier (Sreelatha et al., 2014).Presently, ‘test tapping’ or juvenile tapping ofseedlings at the age of two to three years in thenursery stage is the only recommended strategy forearly screening of large populations for assessingtheir yield potential and shortlisting the selectionsbefore proceeding to further clonal evaluation (Ho,1976; Tan, 1987). Only a very low percentage ofselections (based on test-tap yield) from seedlingnurseries turned into high yielders. Test-tapping ismandatory and cannot be dispensed with until morereliable methods for phenotype selection are evolved(Mydin, 2012). Nevertheless, the correlationsbetween nursery yield (based on test-tapping) andmature yield though significant, are still not verystrong enough (r = 0.22 to 0.26) to make juvenileyield evaluation by test-tapping alone a completelyreliable method for early selection as only 25 percent of selections from seedlings gave significantlyhigher yield at mature stages (Tan, 1998; Mydin,2012). Thus, more detailed information on majoryield components and stable sub-components,including biochemical components in the immaturephase, could help evolve more reliable parametersfor early prediction of yield with more precision(Licy et al., 1998; Prabhakaran Nair, 2010).Although the high correlation between latex[ATP] and mature yield has already been establishedusing clones of various ages and mature polycrosspopulation (Sreelatha et al., 2004, Sreelatha et al.2014, Dey et al., 2018), so far, no such studies havebeen carried out using young seedlings. The presentstudy conducted using nursery seedlings of aheterogeneous population consisting of half-sib, full-sib and polycross progenies similarly demonstratedTable 2. Juvenile test-tap yield and latex [ATP] ofprogenies.Progeny Test-tap yield Latex(g tree-1 tap-1)*,#  [ATP](μM)14/C33 31.5 375.714/HS/RRII430/C64 29.9 309.914/HS/Fx516/D3 28.2 315.314/HS/RRII430/C48 28.0 355.214/A216 19.1 268.114/HS/Fx516/A248 19.0 305.914/HS/RRII430/D227 18.1 206.114/HS/RRII430/D142 17.3 266.814/HS/RRII430/D19 16.6 206.314/HS/RRII430/D26 15.0 202.914/HS/RRII430/D78 14.9 193.014/HS/RRII430/D248 14.8 339.014/HS/RRII430/D66 14.1 171.014/HS/RRII414/D97 13.6 261.714/OP/OPCES/A197 13.0 241.314/HS/RRII414/C3 12.8 359.414/HS/RRII430/D231 12.4 240.214/HS/Fx516/A95 12.2 273.414/HS/RRII430/D71 11.6 141.714/HS/RRII430/D225 11.4 173.414/HS/RRII414/D209 11.2 145.414/HS/RRII430/D138 11.2 122.614/HS/RRII414/D215 10.8 122.314/HS/RRII430/D226 10.2 215.614/HS/Fx516/D5 9.5 134.014/HS/RRII414/C5 8.7 124.414/HS/RRII414/D214 7.0 171.814/HS/RRII430/D250 7.0 161.614/HS/RRII414/D205 6.6 182.314/HS/RRII430/D83 5.9 164.014/A143 4.8 124.314/A236 1.0 46.114/HS/HSP/A154 0.4 52.914/A240 0.3 79.9Mean 13.2 207.5Range 0.3-31.5 46.1-375.7S.E. 1.3 15.1*Mean over three years; #Progenies are listed in descendingorder, based on their yield performance.Narayanan and Sreelatha145a very strong relationship between juvenile test-tapyield and latex [ATP] irrespective of siblingcomposition. Thus, only seedlings with high test-tapyield and high latex [ATP] should be selected in orderto ensure more precision in the recovery of highyielding genotypes to forward them to subsequentstages of clonal evaluation in larger field trials.AcknowledgementThe authors are thankful to Dr. James Jacobfor his critical review and valuable suggestions forimproving the manuscript.ReferencesAmalou, Z., Bangratz, J. and Chrestin, H. 1992. Ethrel(Ethylene releaser) induced increase in the adenylate pooland transtonoplast pH within Hevea latex cells. PlantPhysiology 98: 1270-1276.Varghese, Y. A., Licy, J., John, A. and Panikkar, A. O. N. 1989.An incision method for early selection of Heveaseedlings. Indian Journal of Natural Rubber Research2: 112-117.Dey, S. K., Antony, P. D. and Mehra, B. K. 2018. [ATP] contentof latex as a marker for high rubber yield in clones grownin north-eastern region of India. Rubber Science 31:22-30.Ho, C. Y. 1976. Clonal characters determining the yield ofHevea brasiliensis. In: Proceedings of internationalrubber conference. Kuala Lumpur: Rubber ResearchInstitute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, pp. 17-38.  Licy, J., Thomas, M., Saraswathyamma, C. K. and Sethuraj,M. R. 1998. Studies on biochemical subcomponenets oflatex for crop improvement in Hevea. 1998. In: NationalSymposium on Current Trends in Plant Physiology andPlant Biochemistry, Department of Plant Science,University of Hyderabad, India. p. 161.Marin, B., Lanza, M. and Komor, E. 1981. The proton motivedifference  across  the  vacuo-lysosomal  membrane  ofHevea brasiliensis (Rubber tree) and its modification bya membrane bound adenosine tri phosphatase.Biochemical Journal 198: 365-372.Mydin, K. K. 2012. Juvenile-mature correlations andassociations among rubber yield and yield attributes inHevea brasiliensis.  Natural Rubber Research 25: 1-12.Mydin, K. K. 2014. Genetic improvement of Heveabrasiliensis: sixty years of breeding efforts in India.Rubber Science 27: 153-181.Mydin, K. K. and Saraswathyamma, C. K. 2005. HeveaBreeding Manual. Rubber Research Institute of India,Kottayam, India, 97 p.Prabhakaran Nair, K. P. 2010. Rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).In: The Agronomy and Economy of Important Tree Cropsof the Developing World, (Ed.) Prabhakaran Nair, K. P.London: Elsevier Press, pp. 237-273.Simmonds, N. W. 1989. Rubber breeding. In Rubber, (Ed.)Webster, C. C. and Baulkwill, W. J. USA: Longmanscientific and technical, pp. 85-124.Sreelatha, S., Simon, S.P. and Jacob, J. 2004. On the possibilityof using latex ATP concentration as an indicator of highyield in Hevea. Journal of Rubber Research 7: 71-78.Sreelatha, S., Jacob, J., Mercykutty, V. C., Simon, S. P.,Krishnakumar, R. and Annamalainathan, K. 2014. ATPconcentration in latex as an indicator for early evaluationof yield in Hevea brasiliensis. Journal of PlantationCrops 42: 48-53.Tan, H. 1987.  Strategies in rubber tree breeding. In: ImprovingVegetatively Propagated Crops, (Ed.) Abbott, A.J. andAtkim, R.K. London: Academic Press, pp. 28-62.  Tan, H. 1998. A study on nursery selection in Hevea breeding.Journal of Rubber Research 1: 253-262.Fig. 1. Relationship between test-tap yield and latex [ATP](g tree-1 tap-1)MLatex [ATP] and juvenile yield in Hevea

Relationship between concentration of ATP in latex and yield potential in seedlings of Hevea brasiliensis and its implications in breeding

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Relationship between concentration of ATP in latex and yield potential in seedlings of Hevea brasiliensis and its implications in breeding

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