Snails inventory in the southern part of Gunung Halimun National Park (GHNP) was conducted in two locations i.e., Ciptarasa and Simaresmi,in July and November 2000.It was found 36 species of snails that belongs to 16 families.It means that snails in the southern part of GHNP differs from that of the central part of the Park. Those snails were discovered in 9 habitat types

Heryanto, Heryanto

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Edisi Khusus "Biodiversitas Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun"Berita Biologi, Volume 5, Nomor 6, Desember 2001SNAILS COMPOSITION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OFGVJSUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARKHeryantoBidang Zoologi, Puslit Biologi - LIPIABSTRACTSnails inventory in the southern part of Gunung Halimun National Park (GHNP) was conducted in two locations i.e., Ciptarasa andSimaresmi, in July and November 2000. It was found 36 species of snails that belongs to 16 families. It means that snails in the southernpart of GHNP differs from that of the central part of the Park. Those snails were discovered in 9 habitat types.Key words: Snails, inventory, habitat types, species composition, land snails, freshwater snails, Gunung Halimun National ParkINTRODUCTIONThis paper reports the study result of snails inGunung Halimun National Park (GHNP). Theresearch was conducted in July dan November2000, surround Ciptarasa and Sirnaresmi Villages,Cisolok District, Sukabumi.Those two places were chosen because bothof them were located at the southern part of GHNP,whereas the previous research were conducted inthe central part (Marwoto, 1998; Subasli andMunandar, 1999). The southern part of the Park isconnected by a series of river and stream to IndianOcean. Because of that, it can be assumed that thispart is more vary, in term of snail habitats, fromthat of central area. Therefore, the species diversityof snails living in this part is also more vary.This research is purposed to explore thespecies composition of snails in the southern partof Gunung Halimun National Park add the data thatobtained previously by Marwoto (1998) andSubasli and Munandar (1999). It is expected thatthe information of mollusc diversity in GHNPincreases comprehensively.The Study AreasIt was identified as many as 9 types of snailshabitats in Gunung Halimun National Park. Asfollows:1. Leaves litterThis type of habitats were found generally onthe forest floor where the forest dominated byhigh canopy vegetation (tall trees). The habitatcan be located at the slope and tip ofmountains. The top section of leaves litterusually dry whereas the bottom section wherein contact with the ground, thus wet or damp.2. TreesThis habitat in the form of canopy and trunk oftall trees (mostly taller than 3 m) where snailscan attach to them.3. Low vegetationLow vegetation preferred by snails to live onmostly grows at the edge river and stream.Some of them also can be seen at the bottom ofdales. They were consist of non woodyvegetation with pulpy stem, therefore wet ordamp condition were almost permanent.4. Rotten fallen treeRotten fallen trees were found frequently in theforest, by natural or human for firewoodpurpose. However, there is a differencebetween them. The first one generally rottenfaster and has cavities inside, whereas thesecond mostly solid wood. The rotten fallentrees commonly has small vegetation growingon it.765Heryanto - Snails Composition5. Space between sago stemsSpace between sago stems usually interceptsand retains rainwater. This wet environment isa suitable place for some snails to live within.However, it is not without drawback, the spaceis very thin. Therefore the space is limited forthe snails which posses very thin shell, or withvarious degree rudimentary shell, or withoutshell at all.6. River and streamSome freshwater snails live in river andstream, especially at the edge of the waterwhere the water is not excessively swift. Thebottom of this habitat type is stony or sandy,with rock boulders here and there. The borderof the river and stream can be a simple edgewithout vegetation or grew by grasses.7. Paddy field and pondPaddy field and pond are found not in theNational Park, but surround the Park, are runby the Park border inhabitants. The watermostly stagnant or with a small current. Thebottom of this environment mostly dominatedby mud.8. Rock bouldersThis habitat can be in the form of steep rockyhill, rocky boulder, or rocky terrace on a steephill. All of them have diameter of more than2 meters.9. The thick mat of mossMat of moss mostly grows on large rock thatshaded by the higher vegetation. The mat isusually wet.MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterials are consist of snails specimentaken from GHNP and its adjacent areas. Samplingwas conducted randomly by which was fulfilled byfree collection and purposive sampling methods.In the free collection, snails were opportunisticallycollected by visual searching and handpicking themfrom their prime habitat as determined by collectorexperience. They were collected from standingvegetation (on the bark, on and behind the leaves),and fallen trunks (under the trunk and behind rottenbark), rocks, under leave litter, and streams.In purposive sampling, many plots of 0.09 m2(30cm x 30cm) were established in each type ofhabitat e.g. water and leaf litter and debris. In thewater, a net of 0.2 mm mesh size was run to collectsnails in and on the water bottom, attached to waterplants, and on and under rocks. The specimenfound were put in plastic bottles and shifted to thebase camp for further process.To get the tiny snails, less than 3 mm, leaflitter from several locations was collected andstored in cotton bags. The litter was thentransported to Malacology Laboratory of MuseumZoologicum Bogoriense in Cibinong, Bogor whereit was dried, sieved and extracted its snailscontents.In case the life snails were not found, emptyshells from the field and litter extraction were alsocollected. The assumption that corresponding withthe collection was that the shells came from thelife animals that live not so far from the shells'whereabouts. The empty shells were dry stored,and body contained shell were stored in 70%alcohol solution. All specimens were depositedMuseum Zoologicum Bogoriense.RESULTSA total of 36 snail species belongs to 16families was collected in the field. Most of thespecies are land snails (26 species from 11families), whereas 10 species (5 families) arefreshwater species. A complete list of snails foundin GHNP and its adjacent areas is presented in theTable 1.766Heryanto - Snails CompositionTable 2. List of snails found in GHNP according to habitat typeNo.1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.11.12.13.14.15.16.17.18.19.20.21.22.23.24.25.26.27.28.29.30.31.32.33.34.35.36.SpeciesFamily THIARIDAEB. testudinaria (VON DEM BUSCH, 1842)B. spadiceaM.. torulosaM. tuberculata (MULLER, 1774)T. scabra (MULLER, 1774)T. herklotzi (PETIT, 1853)Family VIVIPARIDAEB. javanica (VON DEM BUSCH, 1844)Family AMPULLARIIDAEP. ampulla (UNNE, 1758)Familia CYCLOPHORIDAEC. rafflesi rafflesi (BRODERIP & SOWERBY)Perdixperdix (BRODERIP & SOWERBY)C. discoides SOWERBYFamily PUPINIDAEP. junghuhni MARTENSP. treubiBOETYCEKFamily EUCONULIDAEC. bandongensis BOETTGEK\%90Family DIPLOMMATIDAED. auriculata MOELLENDORFFFamily VAGINULIDAEF. bleekeri KEFERSTFamily PLANORBIDAEG. convexiusculus (HUTTON, 1849)Family LYMNEAIDAEL. rubiginosa (MICHELIN, 1831)Family ARIOPHANTIDAEConvexoconica (MOELLENDORFF, 1897)E. bataviana (VON DEM BUSCH, 1842)E. patens (MARTENS, 1898)P. pupillaris HUMBERT, 1864Microparmarion sp.Family CAMAENIDAEL. rotatoria (VON DEM BUSCH, 1842)L. ciliocincta (MOELLENDORFF, 1897)L. smironensis (MOUSSON, 1849)C. crassula (PHILIPPI, 1844)A. alticola FULTON, 1896Family CLAUSILIIDAEP. javana (PFEIFFER, 1841)Family SUBULINIDAEP. achatinaceum (PFEIFFER, 1846)S. octona (BRUGUIERE, 1792)Family HELIXARIONIDAEG. conus (PHILLIPPI, 1841)H. albellus MARTENS, 1867L. angigyra angigyraL. convexoconica (MOELLENDORFF, 1897)Family TROCHOMORPHIDAET. planorbis (LESSON, 1831)Jumlah1/••••••••••••••16Habitat type2 3 4 5••• •• ••• •• •• ••3 6 4 46•••••••77 8 9••••••••••7 2 11 = leaves litter, 2 = tree, 3 = low vegetation/bush, 4 = rotten fallen tree, 5 = space between sago stems,6 = river and stream, 7 = pady field and pond, 8 = rock boulder, 9 = moss mat, J = present.768Edisi Khusus "Biodiversitas Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun"Berita Biologi, Volume 5, Nomor 6, Desember 2001Of the 36 species collected 16 found in or onleaves litter, or the highest number of snails speciesin a habitat type. It was followed by river andstream, then paddy field and pond (7 speciesrespectively). The fourth position is positioned bythe low vegetation. The snails list found in varioushabitat types is given in Table 2.DISCUSSIONCompared to Marwoto (1998) and Subasli andMunandar (1999), this research achieved a morecomprehensive results as it is reflected by a morespecies number. At least, this is caused by twocomponents. Firstly, Marwoto (1998) onlydiscussed land snails. Even though Subasli andMunandar (1999) were also included fresh watersnails to their report, the snail species number isstill lower than that of this research. Secondly,Marwoto (1998) only mention 4 habitat typeswhereas Subasli and Munandar (1999) did not stateit. However, it can be stated that the more differsthe habitat type in a location the more chance tofind various snail. It is also stated by Krebs (1978)that difference or alteration of physicalenvironment is the main subject of organismdiversification that live in this environment.There is almost no difference, in terms ofhabitat, between research location in Ciptarasa andthat of Sirnaresmi. However, the species numberfound in both locations were different. Thisdifference is most probable caused by obstaclesduring sampling such as weather. In November,when sampling in Sirnaresmi was progressing, rainwas heavily occurred. The rain influenced theclarity and distance of visibility in searching thesnails. Therefore, the snails found was less thanthat of encountered in July 2000.Compared with that of Gede-Pangrango(TNGP) which contained 95 spesies of land snails(Jutting 1948, 1950 and 1952), the result in GHNPis far low below. However the possibility to findmany more snails in is high since it has larger area40,000 ha (Arief et al, 1999) compared to 15,196ha of TNGP (Hideki and Hartanti, 1999). Also tthecore zone of GHNP is relatively still excellentcondition and has more snail's habitat type. Thus,more intensive study in GHNP is needed in thefuture.Based on the number of snails, it can be seenthat leaves litter is preferred by most of the snails.It is likely that leaves litter as the habitat is acomfortable place for snails to live within. Thethicknesses of the litter is competently keep themoisture relatively stable, especially near and at thebottom where it touches ground. The comparablecondition is also prevail for temperature,eventhough the top part of the litter intensely dry.Moisture and temperature are the most importantphysical factor that influence the live of landanimals (Krebs, 1978). Snails need a moist andstable temperature to keep their wet and soft bodiesfrom desiccation.Food scarcity is not a problem for the lifeunder leaves litter. Rotten leaves grew by fungi asfood of snails available continuously from time totime. Field observation discovered snails wereendeavoring wet rotting leaves even tough it wasnot clear whether they were attracted by the leavesor by the fungi grew on the leaves. On the otheroccasion Heryanto (1994) also found mangrovesnails feed on rotting mangrove leaves and fruits.It was stated by Purchon (1977) that snails such asCyclophorus and Diplommatina are herbivorous.Leaves litter also provides shelter to the snailsthat live underneath from predation. The litterconceals them from their predators such as birds.However, some heaps of snail's shell, mostly of C.rafflesi rafflesi (BRODERIP & SOWERBY) andC. perdix perdix (BRODERIP & SOWERBY)found frequently on rocky areas as a result ofpredation. Most of the shells were perforated orbroken. It seems that in order to obtain the snails'body, the birds peck and strike the shells to therocks. Besides, leaves litter is loose. Thischaracteristics makes the snails move withoutobstruction, especially for large snails such as C.rafflesi rafflesi (BRODERIP & SOWERBY) andC. perdix perdix (BRODERIP & SOWERBY).769Heryanto - Snails CompositionFresh water habitat such as river, stream,paddy field, and pond is dwelled the second largestsnail species number. One would expect that thiskind of habitat offers a suitable environment forthose inhabitants that live within. The temperatureof the river and stream is relatively stable. The edgeof the streams and rivers grew by low vegetationwhich also provides protection for the freshwatersnails in the river and stream.In contrast with the previous habitats, thewater temperature in pond, and especially in paddyfield, is very fluctuate. More over, water in paddyfield eventually drained, creates an overwhelmingcondition for the snails. Therefore, the snails inpaddy field and pond should be able to tolerate awide range of temperature, even an extremesituation. In paddy field and pond, food resourcessuch as algae occurs abundantly. Predation is verylow, mostly by human being such as for P.ampulla (LINNE, 1758) and B. javanica (VONDEM BUSCH, 1844) and by fish (for G.convexiusculus (HUTTON, 1849)).Even though a large rotten fallen tree was dryat its bark, but a damp situation was still preservedunder the bark. Some small species such as P.javana and S. octona still live comfortably underthe bark. The hardness of the bark provides thesnails with safeness from threatening sunlight andpredators. More species, such as G. conus, occursfrequently in the large cavity of the fallen tree,often with a surprising size since no hole, as theentry way for the snails, can be located. It seemsthat the snails set their foot in the cavity when theywere still in smaller size.The space between stems and midrib of sagopalm is very compress. It is different from leaveslitter which is loose. This constricts space allowsonly snails with slender shell, likes T. planorbis(LESSON, 1831) or rudimentary shell likes P.pupillaris HUMBERT, 1864 and H. albellusMARTENS, 1867, can live in the last habitat.Contradictory with its constricts, the space itselfprovides the snails with comfort. As statedpreviously, the space retains rainwater, and keepsthe atmosphere moistened. Nourishment is plentysince the stems are pulpy. Field observationshowed several snails were feeding on the stem,eventhough it need more deeper examinationwhether they feed on the pulp of stems or themicroscopic organism lied on the stems. Shelter isalso provided by the hardness of stem's bark.The same condition, in the term of moisture,food, and protection, as the other habitat types wasoccur at rock boulders. The rock keeps leaves thatfell on its top and the space among them. Thelitters retains water and then grown by smallvegetation, and a damp environment is built.Automatically, food is plentiful for snails. Most ofthe snails found on rock boulders live concealedthemselves under the litters and the rock, thereforethey are protected from predation.It can be concluded that in a location ofvarious habitat the snail composition is alsodiverse. Most of the snails are live in the habitatthat conform with their foremost requirement suchas moisture, food and protection.BIBLIOGRAPHYArief AJ, Sensudy E, Harada K. 1999. GunungHalimun National Park. JICA, RDCB-LIPI,PHPA. 68 pp.Herjanto 1994. The Ecology of Melampid andLittorinid Snails in Three MangroveEnvironments of Bermuda. Thesis Master.The University of New Brunswick. 132 pp.Hideki M. and Hartanti WE. 1999. TamanNasional Gunung Gede Pangrango DalamLaporan Survey Kebakaran Hutan diBeberapa Taman Nasional, Laporan No. 2(Tim JICA eds.). Proyek Penanggulangandan Pencegahan Kebakaran Hutan (PKA,Dephutbun dan JICA). pp 77-86.Jutting, van Benthem WSS. 1948. SystematicStudies on the Non-marine Mollusca of theIndo-Australian Archipelago I. CriticalRevision of the Javanese Operculate Lands-shell of the Families Hydrocenidae,Helicinidae, Cyclophoridae, Pupinidae, andCochlos-tomatidae. Treubia 19(3), 539-606.770Edisi Khusus "Biodiversitas Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun"Berita Biologi, Volume 5, Nomor 6, Desember 2001Jutting, van Benthem WSS. 1950. SystematicStudies on the Non-marine Mollusca of theIndo-Australian Archipelago II. CriticalRevision of the Javanese Operculate Lands-shell of the Families Helicarnidae,Pleurodontidae, Fruticicolidae, andStreptaxidae. Treubia 20(3), 381-505.Jutting, van Benthem WSS. 1952. SystematicStudies on the Non-marine Mollusca of theIndo-Australian Archipelago III. CriticalRevision of the Javanese Pulmonatelands-Snails of the Families Ellobiidae toLimacidae, with an Appendix onHeliocarionidae. Treubia 21(2), 291-435.Krebs JK. 1978. Ecology, the ExperimentalAnalysis of Distribution and Abundance.Second Edition. Harper & Row, Publishers.New York. 677 halPurchon RD. 1977. The Biology of Mollusca.Second Edition. Pergamon Press. Oxford.560 pp.Marwoto RM. 1998. A Preliminary Study ofLand Snails in Gunung Halimun NationalPark. Research and Conservation ofBiodiversity in Indonesia Vol. IV. GunungHalimun: The Last Submontane TropicalForest in West Java. LIPI-JIKA-PHPA,148-154.Subasli DR and Munandar A. 1999. LaporanPerjalanan ke Taman Nasional GunungHalimun (tidak diterbitkan). BalitbangZoologi, Puslitbang Biologi LIPI. 14pp.771

SNAILS COMPOSITION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK

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SNAILS COMPOSITION IN THE SOUTHERN PART OF GUNUNG HALIMUN NATIONAL PARK

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