The blood, serum &amp; urine samples are collected from (22) patients with urinary bladder cancer were admitted to Al-Hilla general teaching hospital after diagnosis by helping urology physician. The result appeared that E.coli with high percentage (22.7% ,27.2%)in nixed &amp;single infection respectively followed by Ps.aeuroginosa (22.7% , 13.6%) and S.aureus (18.8% , 9.09%).   Interleukin 2 &amp;Interleukin 8 concentration level was detected in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and data were compared with control to compare the performance of each cytokins &amp; results show no elevated , no significant decrease in level  in two cytokins, this leads  to an independent factors for the detection of urinary bladder cancer

Abdul-Razzaq, Mohammed S.

Hindi, Abdullah K.

Ibrahim, Hasanain K.

English

International Institute for Science, Technology and Education (IISTE): E-Journals

Advances in Life Science and Technology                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.24, 2014  145 Bacteriological and immunological study associated with patients of Urinary Bladder carcinoma  Hasanain K. Ibrahim1*, Abdullah K. Hindi2, Mohammed S. Abdul-Razzaq3 1. Babylon University, College of Science for women-Biology Department. PO Box : 435, Al-Hillah city, Babylon, Iraq. Mobile: 009647819174491. Email: hassanein2008@yahoo.com.  2. Babylon University, College of Science-Biology Department. 3. Babylon University, College of Medicine-Microbiology Department. *Email of Corresponding Author: hassanein2008@yahoo.com Abstract: The blood, serum & urine samples are collected from (22) patients with urinary bladder cancer were admitted to Al-Hilla general teaching hospital after diagnosis by helping urology physician. The result appeared that E.coli with high percentage (22.7% ,27.2%)in nixed &single infection respectively followed by Ps.aeuroginosa (22.7% , 13.6%) and S.aureus (18.8% , 9.09%).   Interleukin 2 &Interleukin 8 concentration level was detected in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA) and data were compared with control to compare the performance of each cytokins & results show no elevated , no significant decrease in level  in two cytokins, this leads  to an independent factors for the detection of urinary bladder cancer.  Introduction  Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer diagnosis worldwide, with more than 330 000 new cases each year and more than 130 000 deaths per year. (Ploeg  et al., 2009 ; Zhou et al., 2009) Bacterial infections traditionally have not been considered major causes of cancer.  Recently, however, bacteria have been linked to cancer by two mechanisms: induction of chronic inflammation and production of carcinogenic bacterial metabolites. One of the etiological factors implicated in the development and progression of bladder cancer includes urinary tract infections (UTIs) including bacterial, parasitic, fungal, and viral infections; urinary lithiasis and pelvic radiation (Pasin et al., 2008). Bacteria are the primary cause of UTIs, with the vast majority (70–80%) attributed specifically to infection with Escherichia coli. A recurring theme in the link between bacterial infection and carcinogenesis is that of chronic inflammation, which is often a common feature of persistent infection (Karin and  Greten 2005). Also Cytokines are important mediators of inflammation and are associated with pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. ( Shahzad et al., 2010). IL-2 signal plays a key role in promoting development, homeostasis and function of regulatory T cells. IL-2 affects multiple signal pathways, and its deficiency causes the multifacted dysregulation of immune response. (Geng et al., 2012). IL-2 also seems to be associated with the malignancy of the tumour  .Also Increased expression of IL-2 and IL-2R has been reported in actively proliferating tumours such as stomach, renal and spinocellular cancers , squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck , melanomas, neuroblastic tumours and prostate cancer.( Tuñón et al., 2004).Also Recently, it has been shown that IL-8 plays a critical role in cancer invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. It is a chemotactic factor for T cells, neutrophils, and basophils besides its pro-inflammatory role, IL-8 has been evaluated as a pro-oncogenic effector in various types of human cancers, including leukemia, astrocytoma, melanoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, urinary system cancer , gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer (Mahdi  et al., 2013). IL-8 signaling has been shown to induce the activation of this classic Mitogen Activated Protein Kinases (MAPK) signaling cascade, with downstream phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (Erk) detected in both neutrophils and cancer cells (Luppi et al., 2007). Material and Methods: Total of 22 patients with Urinary Bladder Carcinoma UBC were admitted to AL- Hilla  General Teaching Hospital /Iraq after they diagnosis by helping with Urology Physician were suspected to have UBC according to their clinical manifestations and Ultrasound changes. Venous blood samples, serum and urine were collected from 22 patients suffering from Urinary Bladder Carcinoma, as well as, patients without taking any chemotherapeutic agents.  The age of the patients are ranging from (45-80) years old including (20 males) and (2 females). Detection bacteria by culturing urine on ordinary and specific media and biochemical test for isolation and differentiation.  The concentration of Interleukin -2 & Interleukin -8 evaluate by using serum from patients and ELISA kits (koma biotech-Korea ).    Advances in Life Science and Technology                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.24, 2014  146 Result and Discussion: Although, there is no evidence on the role of bacteria in the stimulation of urinary bladder cancer, but some patients complain from sever urinary tract infections UTI .So, the present study investigates on the main bacteria associated with UTI in patients with urinary bladder cancer.   Recently, however, bacteria have been linked to cancer by two mechanisms: induction of chronic inflammation and production of carcinogenic bacterial metabolites. The most specific example of the inflammatory mechanism of carcinogenesis is Escherichia coli infection. E. coli has been epidemiologically linked to urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder by its propensity to cause lifelong inflammation ( Gabri et al., 2012).  Also Shokeir A. (2004) explained that Bladder carcinogenesis is probably related to bacterial and viral infections, commonly associated with bilharzial infestation rather than the parasite itself.  It was observed that E.coli is predominant among other bacteria, followed by Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus , The other type of  bacteria includes Klebsiella pneumoniae . This finding is in agreement with the study performed by Al-Bayati et al., (2009) that is obvious that E. coli is the most predominant organisms followed by K. pneumoniae and Ps. aeruginosa . Also El-Mosalamy  et al., (2012) that was showed a history of urinary tract infection can be considered as a risk factor for bladder cancer specially infection by E. coli may play a major additive and synergistic role during bladder carcinogenesis. Table (1) The Bacterial  isolation from urine of patients with urinary bladder cancer    Mixed Bacterial Isolates Total  Percentage % Number Bacterial Isolates  9  40.9% 22.7% 5 Escherichia coli + Pseudomonas aeroginosa  18.18% 4 Escherichia coli + Staphylococcus aureus   Single Bacterial Isolates Total Percentage % Number Bacterial Isolates  13  59.09% 27.27% 6 Escherichia coli   9.09% 2 Staphylococcus aureus   9.09% 2 Klebsiella Pneumonia  13.6% 3  Pseudomonas aeroginosa   The present study shows no elevated in IL-8 level and this may be belong to all cases of have superficial but not invasive cancer. Alteration of cytokine levels is associated with cancer progression. ( Lin et al., 2004) Hikmet et al., (2004) results who revealed a high IL-8 levels which is related to invasive bladder cancer patients and not to individuals with superficial bladder cancer .also Mahdi  et al., (2013) show of ELISA test for IL-8 revealed a significantly increase serum IL-8 of patients with urinary bladder cancer in comparison with control group. Previous studies have documented elevated of IL-8 in patients with urothelial cell carcinoma and this elevated associated with increased stage of disease, disease recurrence and lack of efficacy of intravesical therapies, including bacillus Calmette-Guérin and mitomycin C. (Sagnak et al., 2009 ; Kocak et al., 2004).  Advances in Life Science and Technology                                                                                                 www.iiste.org ISSN 2224-7181 (Paper) ISSN 2225-062X (Online) Vol.24, 2014  147  Figure (1) The Interleukin 8 concentration in patients with urinary bladder cancer comparing with control. P 0.005048  Recently, it has been shown that IL-8 plays a critical role in cancer invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. It is a chemotactic factor for T cells, neutrophils, and basophils besides its pro-inflammatory role, IL-8 has been evaluated as a pro-oncogenic effector in various types of human cancers, including leukemia, astrocytoma, melanoma, breast cancer, ovarian cancer, lung cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, urinary system cancer , gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer.( Kuwada et al., 2003; Utgaard et al., 1998). Also Decrease IL-2 in serum of patients with urinary bladder cancer might be show refer to that the lower immune system that maintains or regulated tumor activity against malignant bladder tissue. However interleukin-2 (IL-2) may boost the immune system to fight tumors and IL-2 plays a pivotal role in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell carcinoma. ( Liang et al., 2012). This finding has led to some authors to conclude that whereas endogenous IL-2 stimulates cell proliferation, exogenous IL-2 inhibits such a proliferation (Reichert et al., 2000).  Figure (2) The Interleukin 2 concentration in Patients with urinary bladder cancer comparing with control . P 0.003378  References: Ploeg M., Aben K., Kiemeney L.(2009) The present and future burden of urinary bladder cancer in the world. World J. 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Bacteriological and immunological study associated with patients of Urinary Bladder carcinoma

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Bacteriological and immunological study associated with patients of Urinary Bladder carcinoma

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