Condori, F. Peter

Diaz, M. Isabel

Mamani, Luis

Ttito, Alex

Ttito, James W.

English

Cadernos Espinosanos (E-Journal)

109Phyllomedusa - 16(1), June 2017Received 10 February 2017Accepted 30 May 2017Distributed June 2017Short CommuniCationParental care and altitudinal range extension of the endemic frog Bryophryne gymnotis (Anura: Craugastoridae) in the Andes of southeastern PeruLuis Mamani,1,2,3.4 M. Isabel Diaz,1,2 James W. Ttito,2 F. Peter Condori,1,3 and Alex Ttito1,2,31 Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (MHNC), Colección de Herpetología, Paraninfo Universitario S/N (Plaza de Armas), Cusco, Peru. E-mail: luismamanic@gmail.com.2 Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Av. La Cultura 733, Cusco, Peru. E-mail: jalexttito@gmail.com.3 Museo de Biodiversidad del Perú, Urbanización Mariscal Gamarra A-61, Zona 2, Cusco, Peru.4 Programa de Magister en Ciencias con mención en Zoología, Departamento de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y 1EGCPQIT¶ſECU7PKXGTUKFCFFG%QPEGREKÎP$CTTKQ7PKXGTUKVCTKQUP%CUKNNC%%QPEGREKÎP2GTWPhyllomedusa 16(1):109–112, 2017© 2017 Universidade de São Paulo - ESALQ ISSN 1519-1397 (print) / ISSN 2316-9079 (online)doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9079.v16i1p109-112Parental care is employed by some animals to increase the probability of survival of their offspring (Clutton-Brock 1991) at the expense of energy and time investment by the parents (Wittenberger 1981, Crump 1996, Townsend 1996, Cheng and Khan 2010).Amphibians have developed different stra-tegies to protect eggs, tadpoles, and froglets. Seven modes of parental care are known: egg attendance, egg transport, tadpole attendance, tadpole transport, tadpole feeding, internal gestation, and froglet transport (Wells 1981, Crump 1995, 1996, Diesel et al. 1995, Bickford 2002, Cheng and Khan 2010).Keywords: ACP San Luis, direct development, egg clutches, wet puna.Palavras-chave: ACP San Luis, desenvolvimento direto, desovas, puna úmida.Brachycephaloidea (Terrarana) includes 1073 species (Frost 2017), 57 of which are known to provide parental care (e.g., Townsend 1996, Vargas-S. and Castro-H. 1999, Mendoza-Quijano et al. 2002, Ryan et al. 2010, De la Riva and Burrowes 2014). In Peru, seven species of Craugastoridae are known to exhibit parental care: Bryophryne cophites (Lynch, 1975) (Catenazzi 2006), Lynchius oblitus Motta, Chaparro, Pombal, Guayasamin, De la Riva, and Padial, 2016 (Motta et al. 2016), Phrynopus curator Lehr, Moravec, and Cusi, 2012 (Lehr et al. 2012), Pristimantis attenboroughi Lehr and von May, 2017 (Lehr and von May 2017), P. buccinator (Rodrigues, 1994) (Carrillo and Catenazzi 2007), P. colodactylus (Lynch, 1979), and P. lymani (Barbour and Noble, 1920) (Duellman and Lehr 2009).110Phyllomedusa - 16(1), June 2017Bryophryne gymnotis was described by Lehr and Catenazzi (2009) based on specimens from montane cloud forests of San Luis (type locality; 13°04'32.1'' S, 72°22'55.3'' W), Distrito de Huayopata, Provincia de La Convención, Departamento Cusco, between 3272 and 3354 m a.s.l., and was found under mosses, leaf litter, logs, and rocks. One unattended clutch was described in the original description (Lehr and Catenazzi 2009).On 24 May 2014 during an expedition to the San Luis Private Conservation Area, we found ſXG PGUVU QH B. gymnotis amid ground mosses within a 10 × 10 m leaf litter plot in the montane scrub (13°04'19'' S, 72°22'87'' W, 3530 m a.s.l.). Three females attended nests containing 16 eggs in Stage 3 (Townsend and Stewart 1985; Figure 1A), 14 eggs in Stage 1 (Figure 1B), and 15 eggs in Stage 3 (Figure 1C). The remaining two nests containing nine and 10 eggs were unattended. During another visit on 1 November 2016, we found three nests with eggs in Stage 13, all attended by females (Figure 1D–F).Our observations document the second case of parental care by females in the genus Bryophryne, in addition to B. cophites (Catenazzi 2006). Our observations expand the known altitudinal distribution of B. gymnotis from the montane cloud forest at 3354 m to the transitional montane scrub at 3530 m, just below the wet grasslands (puna).Tropical forests are regulators of water ƀWZGU ENKOCVG UVCDKNKV[ ECTDQP TGVGPVKQP CPFother processes (Balvanera 2012, Wohl et al. 2012). This important area protects montane forest and humid grassland. Previously, this area has been subjected to logging, overgrazing, and burning (G. Toledo, pers. comm.). The creation of the San Luis Area of Private Conservation (MINAM 2015) will guarantee the conservation QHVJKUGEQU[UVGOCPFOCKPVCKPIGPGƀQYCOQPIQTICPKUOUKPVJKUUKIPKſECPVDKQNQIKECNEQTTKFQTAcknowledgments.—We are grateful to Mr. Grimaldo Toledo (owner of the San Luis Area of Private Conservation) for his invaluable EQPVTKDWVKQP VQ ſGNF YQTM 9G VJCPM VJGAsociación para la Conservación de la Cuenca Amazonica (ACCA) and the Biological Station 9C[SWGEJC HQT NQIKUVKECN CPF ſPCPEKCN UWRRQTVWe also thank Juan Carlos Chaparro (MHNC) and David Bird for sending specialized literature, and Alessandro Catenazzi, Kacey Bull, Zachary Mason and an anonymous reviewer for their valuable comments to the manuscript. We are grateful to Janalee Caldwell for reviewing and correcting our manuscript. This work was partially supported by the Program Incentivo para la Publicación Efectiva de Artículos %KGPVÈſEQU GP 4GXKUVCU +PFK\CFCU  4&'159-2015-FONDECYT-DE) del Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica de Perú [CONCYTEC-FONDECYT (Cienciactiva)] (L. Mamani).  ReferencesBalvanera, P. 2012. Los servicios ecosistémicos que ofrecen los bosques tropicales. Ecosistemas 21: 136–147.Bickford, D. 2002. Animal behaviour: male parenting of New Guinea froglets. Nature 418: 601–602.Carrillo, J. and A. Catenazzi. 2007. Eleutherodactylus buccinator. Clutch size and parental care. Herpetological Review 38: 183.Catenazzi, A. 2006. Phrynopus cophites. Reproduction. Herpetological Review 37: 206.Cheng, W.-C. and Y.-C. Kam. 2010. Paternal care and egg survivorship in a low nest-attendance rhacophorid frog. Zoological Studies 49: 304–310.Clutton-Brock, T. H. 1991. The Evolution of Parental Care. Princeton. Princeton University Press. 368 pp.Crump, M. L. 1995. Parental care. 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Parental care and altitudinal range extension of the endemic frog Bryophryne gymnotis (Anura: Craugastoridae) in the Andes of southeastern Peru

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Parental care and altitudinal range extension of the endemic frog Bryophryne gymnotis (Anura: Craugastoridae) in the Andes of southeastern Peru

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