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Application of life-cycle energy analysis to photovoltaic module design
Authors
Al-Jassim
Avner
+20 more
Barrett
Birkmire
Birkmire
Brophy
Clemminck
Das
Harris
Jensen
Jensen
Lee
Matsumoto
McCandless
McCandless
Nelson
Ohata
Rachinger
Ringle
Roh
Taylor
Young
Publication date
1 July 1997
Publisher
'Wiley'
Doi
Abstract
This paper highlights results from a collaborative life-cycle design project between the University of Michigan, the US Environment Protection Agency and United Solar Systems Corporation. Energy analysis is a critical planning and design tool for photovoltaic (PV) modules. A set of model equations for evaluating the life-cycle energy performance of PV systems and other electricity-generating systems are presented. The total PV life-cycle, encompassing material production, manufacturing and assembly, use and end-of-life management, was investigated. Three metrics—energy payback time, electricity production efficiency and life-cycle conversion efficiency—were defined for PV modules with and without balance-of-system (BOS) components. These metrics were evaluated for a United Solar UPM-880 amorphous silicon PV module based on average insolation in Detroit, Boulder and Phoenix. Based on these metrics, a minimum condition for assessing the sustainability of electricity-generating systems was proposed and discussed. The life-cycle energy analysis indicated that the aluminum frame is responsible for a significant fraction of the energy invested in the UPM-880 module. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/35191/1/169_ftp.pd
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