David W. McFadden

Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu

Narasimham L. Parinandi

Nilanjana Maulik

PubMed

Crossref

EditorialAntioxidants in Longevity and Medicine 2014Narasimham L. Parinandi,1 Nilanjana Maulik,2Mahesh Thirunavukkarasu,2 and David W. McFadden21Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center,473 W. 12th Avenue, Room 601, Columbus, OH 43210, USA2Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06032, USACorrespondence should be addressed to Narasimham L. Parinandi; narasimham.parinandi@osumc.eduReceived 8 December 2014; Accepted 8 December 2014Copyright © 2015 Narasimham L. Parinandi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative CommonsAttribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work isproperly cited.The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogenspecies (RNS) generated from the enzymatic and nonenzy-matic sources from superoxide (O2∙−) and nitric oxide (NO),respectively, are established to cause oxidative, nitroxidative,nitrative, and nitrosative stresses in the biological systems.Scientific evidence is mounting in favor of the involvementof ROS-induced oxidative stress and RNS stress in diversepathophysiological states in experimental animal models andhumans including the cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, andrenal diseases to name a few. Among many proposed andtested theories of aging, the oxidative stress theory of agingunderscores the ROS-induced damage as being instrumentalin the progressive and unalterable alterations at the molecu-lar, cellular, and organ levels during aging and shortening oflife span.Thebalance between theROS/RNS and antioxidantsis highly critical to maintain the cellular health and anyalteration in that balance caused by either the elevation ofproduction of ROS/RNS or decrease of antioxidant status inthe cells will lead to diverse pathophysiological states. Antiox-idants (enzymatic and nonenzymatic), either endogenous orexogenous, are known to counteract the deleterious actionsof ROS/RNS leading to protection against the oxidativestress and RNS stress. Therefore, this special issue focuseson the possibilities of protection against the ROS-inducedoxidative stress and RNS stress which could potentiallyimpact aging, life span, and diseases among humans. Severalexperts in the fields of ROS andRNSbiology have contributedoriginal research and review articles highlighting the state-of-the-art cellular andmolecular mechanisms and protectionof pathophysiology of oxidative stress and RNS stress indiseases, aging, and age-associated pathophysiological states.The articles published in this special issue are broadlygrouped into (1) conditions that elevate oxidative stress, (2)conditions that decrease/attenuate oxidative stress, and (3)aging and oxidative stress.Articles on Conditions/Factors That Elevate Oxidative Stress.As the deficiency of estrogen in postmenopausal womenis shown to have a direct impact on their susceptibility tocardiovascular diseases, A. Po´sa et al. conducted a study onthe endogenous estrogen-mediated heme oxygenase (HO)regulation in rats under conditions of menopause. In thisstudy, the investigators used an estrogen depletionmodel andshowed that the sensitivity of the animalmodel tomyocardialischemia was associated with the suppression of HO activityand expression of HO-1/HO-2 as well as an increase inthe secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and biomarkers.Also, the authors demonstrated elevated myeloperoxidaseactivity as well as the depression of the electrocardiogram STsegment in the estrogen-depleted rats which was exacerbatedby inhibiting heme oxygenase activity. Obstructive sleepapnea (OSA) is identified as an independent risk factorin cardiovascular diseases through a state of intermittenthypoxia (IH) that induces oxidative stress and inflammation.Hindawi Publishing CorporationOxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityVolume 2015, Article ID 739417, 3 pageshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/7394172 Oxidative Medicine and Cellular LongevityThe endogenous transition metal-binding protein, metal-lothionein (MT), is identified as an inducible antioxidantthat may offer protection against oxidant-induced damage.Along these lines, S. Zhou et al. conducted the study on thedeletion of MT which exacerbated the IH-induced oxidativeand inflammatory injury in the aorta.The results of this studysuggested that IH could be an important condition/factorthat could lead to aortic injury through oxidative stressand inflammation, wherein MT might protect against theIH-induced vascular injury. Goeckerman therapy (GT, skintreatment with a combination of 3% crude coal tar ointmentand UV irradiation) is a current form of skin treatment forchildren suffering from plaque psoriasis, a multifactorial skindisease. L. Borska et al. carried out a prospective cohortstudy on children with plaque psoriasis receiving the GTand showed adverse (side) effects of the treatment on thesubjects following the GT. The authors reported an increasein several oxidative stress markers including the oxidativenucleic acid damage, formation of the benzo(a)pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide-DNA (BPDE-DNA) adducts, and chromo-somal abnormalities (index of genotoxicity) in lymphocytesof the subjects following the GT. However, the authorsacknowledged that elevated levels of oxidative stress andgenotoxic biomarkers might not necessarily be associatedwith the side effects of the GT and additionally the treatmentshowed significant clinical benefit. L. A. Rabelo et al. provideda comprehensive review on arginase as a critical prooxidantmediator in the binomial endothelial dysfunction atheroscle-rosis. This review focused on the involvement of arginase invascular endothelial function and its role in atherosclerosis.Also, the authors discussed adverse actions of arginase inrelation to oxidative stress and in various metabolic diseases.The authors specifically described the role of arginase inendothelial function and the production of atheroscleroticlesions with an emphasis on the mechanisms of regulationof the enzyme and potential development of strategies ofpharmacological intervention of CVDs.Articles on Conditions/Factors That Decrease Oxidative Stress.Currently, there is a dearth of evidence/information on theinteraction(s) between biomarkers of oxidative stress andchemokines in humans, specifically among adults withoutovert clinical disease(s). Therefore, Y. Li et al. focused onstudying the relationship between antioxidants and mark-ers of lipid peroxidation along with different chemokinesin adults. In this study, the authors observed a positivecorrelation between total antioxidant status and differentchemokines. However, the authors were unable to establishassociation between chemokines and biomarkers of lipidperoxidation. Mitochondrial respiratory chain dysfunctionand elevated oxidative stress are markedly encounteredin the brain during aging. With the aim to investigatewhether natural products would alleviate/mitigate the age-associated cerebral mitochondrial respiratory dysfunctionand enhanced oxidative stress, A. B. de Sa´-Nakanishi etal. investigated the effects of treating old rats with aque-ous extracts of Agaricus blazei (medicinal mushroom) onoxidative and functional outcomes of the brain tissue andbrain mitochondria of 21-month-old rats. The results ofthis study revealed that the intragastric administration ofmushroom extract offered protection against elevated oxida-tive stress (ROS production and lipid peroxidation) andincreased the antioxidant (nonenzymatic and enzymatic)status in the brain of old rats. Furthermore, administra-tion of the mushroom extract showed enhancement of theactivity of different mitochondrial respiratory enzymes andmitochondria-coupled respiration. This study revealed thatnatural products present in the medicinal mushroom extractoffered protection against the age-associated oxidative stressand enhanced mitochondrial activity in the brain of old rats.The natural product, 2,3,5,4󸀠-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-𝛽-D-glucoside (TSG) obtained from the Chinese herb, Polygonummultiflorum (traditionally used as an antiaging plant remedy),was investigated by C. Bu¨chter et al. for its actions to increasethe life span and stress resistance of Caenorhabditis elegans.This study revealed that TSG increased the antioxidativepotential and stress resistance and prolonged life span inthe nematode as compared to the actions exhibited byresveratrol. In a review article, S. Zhou et al. extensivelydiscussed the role of nuclear factor-erythroid (NF-E) 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in cardiac remodeling andheart failure.In this review the authors described the role of Nrf2 invarious antioxidative phenomena, cytoprotection, inducibleexpression of antioxidant genes, and phase II detoxifyingenzymes in the cardiovascular system. Their focus of thisreview was to disclose the antioxidative capability of Nrf2 aswell as its protective actions against cardiac remodeling andheart failure. S. C. Khor et al., in their review, discussed indetail vitamin E in sarcopenia with the current evidences onits role in prevention and treatment of sarcopenia.This reviewrevealed vitamin E as a potential treatment for sarcopenia, adisease of the old age associated with decreased muscle massand strength. In addition, the authors discussed the protec-tive/beneficial actions of vitamin E in combating oxidativestress and improving muscle health. Moreover, the authorsexpressed that further studies are warranted to establish thespecific mechanism(s) of protective actions of vitamin E insarcopenia.Articles on Aging and Oxidative Stress. Currently, evidencesare accumulating in support ofmicro-RNAs (miRNAs) as theposttranscriptional regulators of aging. Aiming at this, S. G.S. Khee et al. studied the expression of senescence-associatedmiRNAs and their target genes in cellular aging and theirmodulation by tocotrienol-rich fraction (an isomer of vita-minE) in young and old humandiploid fibroblasts.This studysuggested that tocotrienol prevented cellular senescence ofhuman diploid fibroblasts through the modulation of certainsenescence-associated miRNAs and the expression of targetgenes. Sirtuins (silent information regulator proteins) arefocused to prevent oxidative damage that threatens femalefertility. SIRT1 and SIRT3, the main members of the sirtuinfamily, have been recognized as the sensors and guardians ofredox status in oocytes, granulosa cells, and embryos. Takingthis into consideration, C. Tatone et al. reviewed in detail thefunctions of sirtuins in female fertility and their possible rolein oxidative stress and aging. This review discussed the roleof sirtuins in the prevention of female infertility arising fromOxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 3oxidative stress. More specifically, the authors addressed theactions of SIRT1 and SIRT3 and their functions as sensorsand protectors of oxidative stress at various stages of thereproductive cycle. The authors envisioned future studiesthat would lead to the use of sirtuins as targets to rectifyfemale infertility. L. Marseglia et al. discussed in detail intheir review the oxidative stress-mediated aging during thefetal (pregnancy) and perinatal stages focusing on the onset ofcommon disorders in the newborn as an outcome of the earlyaging process. The authors proposed the onset of aging priorto birth.This review described the significant role of oxidativestress in the pathogenesis of various pregnancy-related andneonatal disorders.Attenuating or inhibiting the overwhelming productionand deleterious actions of ROS and RNS by treatments withseveral antioxidants is increasingly becoming sought-aftertherapeutic strategies to treat age-related diseases and extendthe life span wherein the ROS-induced oxidative stress andRNS stress play crucial roles. The goal of this special issue isto disclose the latest understanding of the mechanisms andprotection of oxidative stress and RNS stress and to createopportunities to move the field forward that will impactthe oxidative stress-mediated diseases and aging in humans.Hence, the articles in this special issue contributed by theexperts in the fields of oxidative and RNS stress biology willnurture continued discoveries towards better understandingof themechanisms and protection of oxidant injury, oxidativestress-mediated diseases, and age-related pathophysiologicalstates.Narasimham L. ParinandiNilanjana MaulikMahesh ThirunavukkarasuDavid W. 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