Brun, Damien

Häkkilä, Jonna

Lehtinen, Saara

English

LaCRIS - University of Lapland Current Research System

                   University of LaplandThis is a self-archived version of an original article. This version usuallydiffers somewhat from the publisher’s final version, if the self-archivedversion is the accepted author manuscript.Discreet Interactive Wallpaper Concepts StudyBrun, Damien; Lehtinen, Saara; Häkkilä, JonnaPublished in:Human-Computer-Interaction - INTERACT 2021Published: 01.01.2021Document VersionPeer reviewed versionCitation for pulished version (APA):Brun, D., Lehtinen, S., & Häkkilä, J. (2021). Discreet Interactive Wallpaper Concepts Study. In C. Ardito, R.Lanzilotti, A. Malizia, H. Petrie, A. Piccinno, G. Desolda, & K. Inkpen (Eds.), Human-Computer-Interaction -INTERACT 2021: 18th IFIP TC 13 International Conference, Proceedings, Part V (pp. 390-394). Springer.Lecture Notes in Computer ScienceDocument LicenseUnspecifiedDownload date: 14. Dec. 2021Discreet Interactive WallpaperConcepts StudyDamien Brun(B), Saara Lehtinen, and Jonna HäkkiläLapland University, Rovaniemi, Finland{damien.brun,saara.lehtinen,jonna.hakkila}@ulapland.fiAbstract. In this paper, we address the design of discreet interactivewallpapers. We chart the initial user perceptions with a simulation-baseduser study (n = 14), where we evaluate di!erent concepts specificallydesigned for electrochromic ink, ranging from ambient information deliv-ery to gamification. Our research contributes background knowledge fordesigners and practitioners working with interactive environments.Keywords: Interactive walls · Ambient displays · Electrochromic1 IntroductionSmart and interactive environments are one of the main themes of ubiqui-tous computing, and research has addressed them from various viewpoints. Forinstance, the concept of interactive wallpapers has been explored to provideeither useful, engaging or entertaining ambient experiences.First, Huang and Waldvogel [4] defined the interactive wallpaper in fourpoints: (1) operate in everyday life, (2) open, (3) spatial and (4) alive. Theauthors showed a series of implementations, mostly projector-based, blendingdecorative art and useful science. In the same vein, Campbell et al. [1] exploredthe concept of interactive wallpaper at home, providing scene-setting for immer-sive drama or additional content, such as recipes while watching a TV cookingshow. Hoare et al. [3] explored an interactive hide-and-seek children-orientedgame with wallpapers. However, despite showing benefits of using interactivewallpapers, previous works were mostly agnostic of the technical implementa-tion and many years or decades later remain far-fetched to be integrated.Fig. 1. Each abstract interactive wallpaper concept.Author Final Version : The final publication is available at Springer via https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85607-6_44Discreet Interactive Wallpaper Concepts StudyIn this context, we address the topic of wallpapers with concepts based in thetechnical possibilities of interactive free-form graphics that can be manufacturedwith electrochromic inks, providing thin, transparent, flexible and low-powerconsuming displays. When an electric current is applied to the display, the inkmoves from one place to the other, back and forth when reversing polarity.On the other hand, the displays have a limited number of colors and states andmore importantly, do not emit light, thus, allowing visually discreet interactions,which are naturally integrated to indoor environments. The process of creatingelectrochromic displays is explained in detail by Jensen et al. [5].We conducted a user study while specifically emulating the opportunities(low consumption, thus, blending solar panels into design) and limits (bi-statemonochromatic graphical elements) of this technology as wallpapers. Each wall-paper concept (Fig. 1) aims to address di!erent ideas:– Timer, in our case taking place in the bathroom, with ink moving slowlydecreasing one bar while increasing another. Multiple displays are stackedabove each other, allowing a smooth transition.– Notification, taking place in the o"ce with the visual form of portholes. Inthis case, respectively (from left to right) alerting a future meeting, the micro-phone status and recall to move (or stand). When the notification is o!, theink is hidden around the border.– Voting (more broadly the idea of communal expressing walls), with stacks ofhorizontal bars placed on opposite corners of a (meeting) room.– Noise (ambient) with a colored repeated pattern showing its current level, inour case taking place in a library. The noisier the environment is, the higher(top) the displays are activated.– Playful, taking the form of a hide-and-seek game with integrated solar panelelements (black shape) to a repeated pattern of animals. When an animal ishidden, the corresponding ink goes to a state placed behind the solar panel.2 User StudyWe conducted the exploratory study over seven sessions with the aim to col-lect preliminary user perceptions and qualitative feedback about our interactivewallpapers concepts.Fourteen (n = 14) participants (9 female) were recruited at the universitycampus from students and administrative employees. They participated in thestudy by pair into a laboratory environment for service and design interaction.Two back-projected walls were used to display the wallpaper concepts, comple-mented with furniture (tables, chairs) and tangible artifacts (keyboards, tablets,books and a sanitizer dispenser) to improve the simulation (Fig. 2).For each session, the participants first gave their consents and were intro-duced to real electrochromic displays as examples. Then, participants wereinvited to engage with a think-aloud protocol for each simulated concept pre-sented in a specific coherent order (similar to this paper) to follow an imaginaryshort story. The narrative was such that they just arrived at work and had toFig. 2. User study setting for each wallpaper concept.clean their hands in the bathroom with the timer concept. Then, they sat inan o"ce with the notification concept and transitioned to a meeting room withthe voting concept. Finally they stopped by the library with the noise concept(including simulated audio) before going home and engaging with the playfulconcept.One instructor gave initial explanations of each concept while taking notesand another was changing the physical structure of the settings accordingly withthe desired context. TheWizard of Oz method was used to simulate interactions,such as activity (e.g., washing hands) or touch detection.Hassenzahl has defined user experience (UX) as “a momentary, primarilyevaluative feeling (good-bad) while interacting with a product or service” [2].Thus, before leaving, participants had to complete a questionnaire to assesstheir feeling (1–5 scale) toward each wallpaper concept, and to collect theirleast and most preferred (including explanations) as well as additional opencomments. Each session was video-recorded for subsequent analysis and lastedaround 45min in total.3 FindingsParticipants’ quantitative ratings are reported in Fig. 3. Two concepts wereclearly favored: Noise (library) and Playful (animals). Interestingly, these resultsFig. 3. Average score (including 95% confidence interval) of the participants’ feelingstoward each wallpaper as well as counts of the most and least preferred wallpapers.also show a preference to adopt a repeating pattern design, which is more alignedwith the mental representation of traditional wallpapers.Timer. The low perceivability (n = 8) was the major drawback of this concept,either by taking time to notice the moving bars, or by considering them unclear.On the other hand, participants would like to exploit the timer concept withkids (n = 6) and in di!erent contexts such as tooth-brushing (n = 4).Notification. The lack of noticeability (n = 4) and usefulness (n = 4) were themain issues. Participants were also concerned to define the right placement (n= 8) and its visibility to others (n = 6), either to inform or to keep privacy.Voting. The lack of usefulness (n = 5) was also the main issue with participantsevoking the use of other technologies for the same context (n = 3).Noise. This concept received a large amount of exclamatory positivity withparticipants evoking great usefulness and fit to its environment (n = 12), “ratherthan looking like something hung on the wall” (P2). However, some were alsoconcerned about the noticeability (n = 8) and the inclination toward an oppositee!ect, considering it as a game for loudness (n = 8).Playful. Even with a visually discreet interactive wallpaper, this conceptreceived the same overall positive feedback as previous work [3] with partici-pants also highlighting benefits for teaching (n = 6), physical exercise (n = 4)and memory activities (n = 4).4 Future WorkFollowing our first findings, we considered a repeating pattern design (giving aflat or depth illusion e!ect). A prototype was made (Fig. 4) for the noise conceptbased on 3 flexible layers, blending solar panels, electrochromic displays and thecircuitry to connect all of them. Other implementation approaches remain tobe explored (such as multiple 2-layered standalone electrochromics) and studiedover a series of experiments, measuring for instance their noticeability.Fig. 4. Early interactive wallpaper conceptual implementation and real prototype.Acknowledgements. This project has received funding from the European Union’sHorizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 760973.References1. Campbell, R., Felton, R., Hoarse, C.: Smart wallpaper. In: Proceedings of the 2014ACM International Conference on Interactive Experiences for TV and Online Video,Industry Track-TVX, vol. 14. Citeseer (2014)2. Hassenzahl, M.: User experience (UX) towards an experiential perspective onproduct quality. In: Proceedings of the 20th Conference on l’Interaction Homme-Machine, pp. 11–15 (2008)3. Hoare, C., Campbell, R., Felton, R., Betsworth, L.: Hide and seek: exploring inter-action with smart wallpaper. In: Proceedings of the 2015 Annual Symposium onComputer-Human Interaction in Play, pp. 129–133 (2015)4. Huang, J., Waldvogel, M.: Interactive wallpaper. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Elec-tronic Art and Animation Catalog, pp. 172–176 (2005)5. Jensen, W., Colley, A., Häkkilä, J., Pinheiro, C., Löchtefeld, M.: TransPrint: amethod for fabricating flexible transparent free-form displays. In: Advances inHuman-Computer Interaction 2019 (2019)

Discreet Interactive Wallpaper Concepts Study

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