The deployment of anytechnologicalprocesscauseenvironmentalpollution, andthisimplies a reductionin the quality of theworkenvironmentandthe ambient environment. In theseconditions, inthispaperwasaimedtoestablishingtheoptimumpointto reduce pollutionaccordingtoexpenditure made to reduceandpreventenvironmentalpollution , but it wasdeterminedthepoint of reduction of ofpollutionbased onthecostsand social utilities. It wasalsodeterminedhowthecorrect design of a technologicalprocess or anactivitywithenvironmental impact consideringenvironmental quality indicator for eachstage of it

Dan DOBROTA

Gheorghe AMZA

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  Fiabilitate si Durabilitate - Fiability & Durability    Supplement no 1/ 2013   Editura “Academica Brâncuşi” , Târgu Jiu, ISSN 1844 – 640X     375 DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM LEVEL TO REDUCE POLLUTION AND OF THE INDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY A TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS  Prof. dr. eng. Dan DOBROTA, Constantin Brancusi University of TarguJiu, ddan@utgjiu.ro Prof. dr. eng. Gheorghe AMZA, Polytechnic University of Bucharest, amza@camis.pub.ro  Abstract. The deployment of anytechnologicalprocesscauseenvironmentalpollution, andthisimplies a reduction in  the  quality  of  theworkenvironmentandthe  ambient  environment.  In  theseconditions,  in thispaperwasaimedtoestablishingtheoptimumpointto reduce pollutionaccordingtoexpenditure made to reduce andpreventenvironmentalpollution  ,  but  it  wasdeterminedthepoint  of  reduction  of  ofpollutionbased  on thecostsand  social  utilities.  It  wasalsodeterminedhowthecorrect  design  of  a  technologicalprocess  or  an activitywithenvironmental impact consideringenvironmental quality indicator for eachstage of it.  Keywords: optimum level, eco-tehnological, environmental quality, technological process.  1.INTRODUCTION  Eco technology, as the science of sciences applying for the purpose of transformation of the  substance  in  goods  with  a  certain  social  utility  under  the  conditions  of  sustainable development firstly requires knowledge of the entire technologic route of the substance from the  natural  state  (rock,  ore  etc.)  to  the  exploited  finished  product,  with  the  following objectives:  -  identify  each  stage  of  the  technological  process  where  a  certain  impact  on  the environment appears;  - identification of the moment the environmental impact occurs;  - establishment of pollution sources;  - identify the type of pollutants;  - determine the nature of pollution;  - establishment of the coefficient of pollution per stage and per total;  - determining the optimal degree of pollution reduction;  - establish ways to prevent negative environmental impact/product of respective stage at that time;  - establishing new methods of reducing environmental or pollution impact is possible.  - determining the environmental quality indicator;  - determining the balance of eco technology;  - establish criteria for conversion of an enterprise into an eco technologic unit [1, 2, 3].  For a proper design we always leave from the functional role of the product that must be in harmony with the environment and have the smallest impact on it. The product is the result of a technologic process, conducted in one or more locations and which initially is like a black box in which there is an output stream almost entirely leading to a greater or lesser pollution of the environment. Therefore, each stage of technological process should be very well known in the logical development of changes and stage impact on the environment, to design the eco   Fiabilitate si Durabilitate - Fiability & Durability    Supplement no 1/ 2013   Editura “Academica Brâncuşi” , Târgu Jiu, ISSN 1844 – 640X     376 technologic process conducted in the same locations, but with low impact or even zero impact on the environment [4, 5, 6].  2. DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM LEVEL TO REDUCE POLLUTION  The total reduction in pollution is not possible either technologically or economically, because it involvesantipollutionexpenditure unbearable by any developed economy. A way to harmonize the interests of producers seeking immediate profit, to the interests of the entire society that wants to live in an unpolluted environment must be found. Thusan economic optimum is determined taking into consideration the development expenditures (Figure 1) and cleaning benefits. n0 point is considered as optimal degree to reduce pollution, where the difference between the two curves a and b is maximum, ie where the condition:                                 tgα= tgβ                                                                         (1)     Figure 1. Determining the optimal level of pollution reduction: a - expenses incurred with remediation and pollution prevention; b-benefits of reducing pollution, c-difference between the two curves; n0- the optimal level of pollution reduction              This analysis is not always easy because the damages caused by pollution are more difficult  to  quantify  than  the  costs  of  introducing  new  production  technologies,  pollution prevention or reduction of pollution. However, a study of reducing pollution is easier at the level of the whole economy than at the level of an industrial plant, where an analysis of the form shown in Figure 2 can be realized. In this case, the optimal degree of pollution reduction is n0', located at the intersection of two curves.            n0'= n0 should accomplish, but most of times it is impossible to correctly estimate the losses caused by pollution.    100 Expenditure on pollutionpreventionand control α β b a c Degree of pollutionabatement[%] 25 50 75 n0   Fiabilitate si Durabilitate - Fiability & Durability    Supplement no 1/ 2013   Editura “Academica Brâncuşi” , Târgu Jiu, ISSN 1844 – 640X     377 Closer to reality is the approach taking problem into account the degree of interest of society to pay for remediation to achieve a certain degree of purity of the environment. In order  not  to  feel  the  effects  of  pollution,  the  company  is  willing  to  bear  the  costs  of remediating Cd (Figure 3) with the advantages Av.               Figure 2.Determining the losses caused by pollution: a - expenses incurred with remediation and pollution prevention; b -losses due to pollution; c -sum of the two curvesa and b; n0' - the optimal level of pollution reduction.               Figure 3.The degree of pollution reduction on the cost and social utility:  Cd - costs for pollution abatement; Av - social utility/benefit of reducing pollution;  n0"- the optimal level of pollution reduction.  From this graph it appears that as the degree of pollution reduction increases, the benefit/social  utility  Av,  for  which  the  society  is  willing  to  pay  additional  contributions decreases and the costs of reducing pollution Cd increase. From the analysis of areas emerging in Figure 3 the following conclusions can be drawn:   100 Expenditure on pollutionprevention  b a c Degree of pollutionabatement[%]  25 50 75 n0' 100 Expenditure on pollutionprevention  Cd  Av Degree of pollutionabatement[%]  25 50 75 n0" I  II III M   Fiabilitate si Durabilitate - Fiability & Durability    Supplement no 1/ 2013   Editura “Academica Brâncuşi” , Târgu Jiu, ISSN 1844 – 640X     378 - in zone I the biggest benefits can be found because costs are much lower than the benefits and the benefits of reducing pollution can be seen;  - in zone II great losses were registered since pollution is already reduced and the costs increase in a great measure compared with the obtained benefits;    - the optimal given n0"degree of pollution abatement is realized in point M. For an optimization of the phase to fulfill the following conditionis necessary:  ' '0'0 0 n n n                            (2) In  developed  countries,  investments  for  environmental  protection  have  significant weights, differentiated on industrial branches.New technologies, for reducing or preventing pollution  have  1,2%  of  GDP,  and  losses  due  to  the  fact  that  more  consistent  pollution abatement measures are not taken, are about 5% of GDP.            A topt time interval can be determined in order to achieve an economic optimum for reducing pollution, using a relation of the form:            rp ppam amopt C Ct C t Ct) ( ) ( 0    [years]                                                       (3)             where: Cam is the assimilative capacity of the environment from making expenditures to reduce existing pollution; Crp - costs with existing pollution abatement at time t, Cpp - expenses incurred to prevent pollution and maintain them in the standard limits; α and β-coefficients  expressing  the  increase  of  the  capacity  to  assimilate,  respectively  to  stick  to standard limits, in relation the spent money unit, t0 and t - initial time moment, respectively perspective time moment.                For a correct design of a technologic process or an activity affecting the environment is necessary to know each stage of its environmental quality indicator. This environmental quality indicator Icm can be calculated at the level of each pollutant i with the relationship.  ief icm CMA CC CMAIiiimax [%]                                                         (4) where: Icmiis an indicator of environmental quality due to pollutant "i"; CMAi - maximum admissible concentration in pollutant "i" ; Cefi- effective concentration, at calculation moment, in the pollutant "i", Cmax - the maximum concentration in "i" pollutant leading to inevitable environmental degradation.              This indicator takes values between 0 (when pollution is highest and inevitable) and 1 (when the environment is clean).              Indicator of environmental quality can be calculated as the sum of all pollutants "p", in that environment, using thethe relationship:              pi ief icm CMA CC CMAIiit1 max    (5) where: Icmt is an indicator of environmental quality due to all pollutants "p",existing in the environment at the time of calculation.       Fiabilitate si Durabilitate - Fiability & Durability    Supplement no 1/ 2013   Editura “Academica Brâncuşi” , Târgu Jiu, ISSN 1844 – 640X     379 3. CONCLUSIONS  In conclusion we can say that the design of any ecoproduct, any ecoprocess to provide any services or any activity resulting from a technological ecoprocess should consider the following elements:    - qualityplan;    - technological route;    - technological process flow diagram;    - stages and times of environmental impact;    - sources of pollution;    - the nature of pollutants;    - mode of action of pollutants on the environment (nature of pollution);   -  coefficient  of  pollution  at  each  stage  and  the  total  pollution  coefficient necessary to establish measures necessary for performance of established objectives, namely:  changes  in  the  technological  process  in  order  to  transform  it  into  an  eco technologic process, replacement of operation or phases with high pollution;    - indicator of environmental quality;    -  pollution  prevention  measures  at  each  stage  of  development  of  process technology;    -  measures  to  reduce  pollution  at  each  stage  of  development  of  process technology;    - options for replacement of hazardous pollution substances with others;    - recovery treatment and recyclingmeasures of secondary waste;    - measures for reconditioning and recycling of waste;    - measures to reintegratewaste into the environment;     - optimal level of pollution reduction;    - the cost of pollution prevention;    - eco technologic balance;    - connection of economic and legal standards and instruments (Figure 4);    - the possibility of transforming the company into one eco technologic unit.                  Fiabilitate si Durabilitate - Fiability & Durability    Supplement no 1/ 2013   Editura “Academica Brâncuşi” , Târgu Jiu, ISSN 1844 – 640X     380  Figure 4.Connection of economic and juridical standards and instruments  Only through such an approach, the industrial-exponential consuming natural resources society and environmental pollution can thus pass from a creating exponential intelligence information  society  to  proceed  to  a  knowledge  society  and  ultimately  to  acknowledged society.   REFERENCES [1]  Dobrotă  D.,  Amza  Gh.,  Contributionstothedevelopment  of  a  model ecotechnologicorganization,Fiability& Durability, no 1/2012, pp. 153-159, ISSN 1844-640X. [2]Amza Gh., Dobrotă D., Contributionstotheimplementation of environmental management systemwithintheecotechnologicorganization, Fiability& Durability, no 1/2012, pp. 120-125, ISSN 1844-640X. [3] Delamarian C., - Manual for maintenance and retrofit of conventional power plants, EdituraSudura, 1998. [4]Goldin I., Winters A.,The Economics of Sustainable Development, OECD Development Center, Cambridge University Press. [5] Golehn I., - The Economics of containable Development, OECD Development Center, Cambridge University Press. [6] AmzaGh. – Eco technology and sustainable development, 1258 p., Printech Publishing House, Bucharest, 2009.  

DETERMINATION OF THE OPTIMUM LEVEL TO REDUCE POLLUTION AND OF THE INDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY A TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESS

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