Castrén, Paavo

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A T i\CTA PHILOLOGICA FENNICA V 0 L. V I I I HELSINKI 1974 HELSINGFORS ,/ Paavo Castren Anne Helttula Paavo Hohti Maarit Kaimio J orma Kaimio Iiro Kajanto Saara Lilja Bengt Lofstedt Teivas Oksala Tuomo Pekkanen Reij o Pitkaranta Erkki Salonen Heikki Solin J aakko Suolahti RolfWestman INDEX About the Legio X equestris .............. . On itum ambitum datum: a formula of ius sepulchri . Freedom of speech in speech sections in the histories of 5 9 Herodotus ................. . Music in the Homeric hymn to Hermes . 19 . . 29 The Etruscan genitival forms ...... . 43 On the idea of eternity in Latin epitaphs . 59 Theriophily in Homer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 71 Bemerkungen zur Sprache des Jonas von Bobbio . . . 79 Was bedeutet honoratum . . . Achillem bei Horaz (Ars 120)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adam of Bremen 4,14: Wizzi, Mirri, etc .. . . . . . Stilistischer Kommentar zur "Passio Septem Martyrum'' Ob er einige Lehnworter aus dem Nahen Osten im Griechischen und Lateinischen . . Analecta epigraphica, XV-XXVII L'anno della nascita di Gesu . . . . . . . Ein tiberdecktes Wort in Salons Salamiselegie 97 105 127 139 145 173 187 p. 4 p. 9 n. 2 1. 2 p .. 33 n .. 4 1 $ 4 p .. 34 1. 16 p. 41 1. 12 p. 43 title p .. 43 1. 18 p. 74 1 .. 5 p .. 89 n. 3 1. 1 p. 101''1. 3 p. 107 n. 1 p. 110 n. l p .. 115 n. 2 p. 118 1. 27 p. 119 1. 33 P~ 119 n. 38 1. p. 119 n. 38 1. p. 122 1. 29 p. 122 1 .. 32 p. 123 n. 4 1. 3 p. 129 l. 18 ff. p. 135 n. 2 p. 140 1. 14 p. 141 1. 3 p .. 141 1. 24 p. 141 n. 1 p. 142 1. 13 p .. lll2 1. 27 p .. 1~8 1. 30 p. 188 n .. 1 1. 6 p. 189 n .. 3 1. 2 1 2 C0RRIGENDA edentum 1. edendum p. Q 0 1. pp. 15 f. >..;y l.A~er• p.. 00 1. p. 33 au6a[v 1. <1u6afv -s/al 1. -s/al ~ p. 00 1. p. 44 (!1. 8,188-190} 1. (Il. 8,188-190). Vitas 1. Vitae tt:-rn 1 .. tt:JJn in nn • 1 and 5-6 .. 1 . p . 10 5 n . l and p • 10 6 nn . 4-5 .. n. 27 below. 1. p. 115 n. 1. n. 25 above l. p. 112 n. 2 p. ~o~ 8above): 1. p. 109 above); 4!14: 1 .. 4,14:1 3t1 1. 1 (see n. 1 above) 1. (see p. 105 n. 1) delete line following the quotation p. 109 1. p. 108 f. p. 106 fn 2 1. p. 109 n. 3 1 ....... Z. 15 earn (se. multitudinem) rebaptizationis saucif.lret machera I /1 I\" <rd HOmoioteleuton . Antithese Homoiotei. Homoiotel/\ u~rre~n Ieren e j /~/ I I !fletapnc:m Z. 16 stoltun baptismairs ( taetrae) nigredinis turparet inluvie und dazwischen Anti these Z. 17 vino camis suae purificans /·~ k \ ~ Chiasmus -onesp · . \ mit Alliteration fecerat detdbaram Y\&tapbem; und Homoioteleuton .~ / / " ~ prelo e:xprimem eructs ~ vgl. S. 00.1. vgl. S. 131. 99. 1. 99. n ~ammu lx- samnu SIM 1. ~IM transfer note to p. 142, n~ 1 1 1 2 vor • . vor . 1 l., 2 delete line following n .... Zeit zu schreiben." and insert after 1. 23 "die Dative Grania," A. ~ 1. A. 2 (o .. 188,2 4) 1 .. (o .. 188>2) ABOUT THE LEG/0 X EQ UESTRIS Paavo Castren At the beginning of the Empire there were two tenth legions - the legio X Gemina and the legio X Fretemis. In A.D. 23 the former was stationed in Spain and the latter in Syria. I It is general opinion that the legio X Fretensis was the famous favourite veteran legion of J ulius Caesar2, while the legio X Gemina is of unknown origin but was probably created by Augustus from two other legions, parts of the X Fret ens is and another unknown unit. 3 It seems probable, however, that already in Caesar's time there were at least two tenth legions. In a letter to Cicero4 at the end of April43 B.C. Plancus mentions a decima legio veterana, probably the same that accompanied Caesar in 58 B.C. in Geneva5 and on many other important occasions.6 The same tenth legion was among the leaders of a mutiny in 47 B.C. which Caesar quelled with just one word,~ addressing the soldiers as Quirites, instead of commilitones as he usually did.7 Appian reports that in the same year 43 there was a tenth legion loyal to Antony who had originally enlisted it. 8 If Appian is right, this cannot be the abovementioned legio X veterana, because Antony had joined Caesar only in 54 and could not have enlisted any legions before that year. Thus already in 43 (and probably some years earlier) there were at least two tenth legions.9 * I wish to thank Prof. Alfonso De Franciscis, who gave me the permission to collect and study the prosopographical material of the cemetery of Porta di Nocera; Prof. Silvio Panciera, who informed me about the existence of the interesting inscription in the forum of Augustus; and Prof. Emilio Gabba and my colleague Eeva Ruoff-Vaananen for their valuable suggestions. 1 Tac. ann. 4,5; see G.R. Watson, The Roman soldier, Bristol1969, 14. 2 E.g. Kubitschek, 'Legio', RE XII, col. 1671. 3 H.M.D. Parker, The Roman legions2, Cambridge 1958, 269. 4 Cic. fam. 10,11,2. 5 Caes. Gall. 1,7,2; see H.P. Judson, Caesar's army, Boston 1888, 2. 6 Caes. Gall. 1,40,13; 2,21; 2,23,1. 7 Suet. Caes. 70. 8 App. BCiv. 3,83. 9 Otherwise in E. Ritterling, De legione Romanorum X Gemina, Diss. Leipzig 1885 (out-of-date). 6 Paa vo Castren In literary sources the titles of these two legions are never mentioned, but we receive some further information from inscriptions. A soldier of a legio X Veneria is attested in Brixia, 1 while in the Augustan colony of Patrae a sign if er of a legio X Equ() is recorded. 2 As far as I know, the significance of the title Veneria has never been properly discussed by the scholars in this field, 3 while the question of the existence of a legio J:'" Equ( ) has been evaded by the easy explanation that such a title must be corrupt. 4 There are, however, some other attestations of this title. In the forum of Augustus a marble slab> discovered in 1933, bears the following fragmentary inscription: 5 leg [ legion [ ± 1 ] eius pe . [ X Gemina Eque [stris centuriones e[ t? clupeum aura[ turn M(arti) U(ltori) v(otum) [s(olvunt).] This inscription proves that in the Augustan time a legio X Gem ina Equestris existed, and that its centurions (and soldiers?) had donated a gilded shield as a votive gift to Mars Ultor. Therefore this legion must have fought against Caesar's murderers in the battle of Philippi and may also have had a special connexion with J till us Caesar to whose memory the temple of Mars Ultor was dedicated.6 Among the unpublished inscriptions of the cemetery of Porta di Nocera in Pompeii there are the tombstones of two brothers, C. Tillius C.f. Cor. Rufus and L? Tillius C .f. Cor. ... from the beginning of the A ugustan period. 7 Both of them were tribuni militum legionis X; in the inscription of the younger brother the title of the legion is further mentioned, it is the legio X Equestris. Moreover, the colony of Noviodunum near Geneva, modern Nyon, was originally called Colonia Iulia Equestris.. 8 The denomination lulia proves that 1 CIL V 4191. 2 CIL HI 508. For other attestations of the tenth legions, see CIL V 4987 (Riva) and CIL X 3887 (Capua: for its colonization see Caes. Civ. 1,14,5-6; Cic. Phil. 2,102; App. BCiv. 4,3). 3 Parker, op. cit. 268, considers the inscription of Brixia another proof of the fact that the legio X Fret ens is was Caesar's favourite legion. 4 Kubitschek, art. cit. col. 1671; 1672. 5 E. Paribeni, in Not. Scavi 1933, 463. 6 Cf. the word eius in the second line. 7 Their father was duovir in Pompeii in the late republican period, see CIL I2 1634. 8 See e.g. E. Howald - E. Meyer, Die romische Schweiz, Zurich s.d. (1940? ), 235-240. About the Legio X equestris 7 the colony was established by Caesar himself 1 , or by the triumviri after Caesar's death or, at the latest, by Octavian before 27 B.C. 2 The colonists were not soldiers of Caesar's cavalry as Linckenheld maintains 3 , but soldiers of the legio X Equestris. What does this title mean? It is a well known fact that a whole legion could never be a ·mounted unit. If Servius is right in claiming that Equestris was used as an epithet of Venus 4, the legio X Veneria, mentioned in the inscription of Brixia, and the legio X Equestris may be different denominations of the same legion, which probably would have been called officially legio X Veneria Equestris. Or, rather, there may have been a legio X Veneria and a legio X Equestris, which were later united as the legio X Gem ina E questris, and after Augustus' time called simply legio X Gemina. Both denominations, Veneria and Equestris (taking Servius' report as correct), are titles which could belong to a legion of Julius Caesar, a descendant of Venus, much better than the obscure title Fretensis. Since a bull, a sign of appartenance to Caesar's army, was later the emblem of both legions, Gemina and Fretensis, I cannot see any reason not to believe that the legio X Equestri~ (or the legio X Veneria, if these were not different denominations of the same legion) was the famous favourite tenth legion of J ulius Caesar, rather than the legio X Fretensis, which was more probably the legion originally enlisted by Antony. One of the reasons why all the titles were changed during the Augustan period - besides the complete reorganization of the army - could lie in the f~ct that Augustus dismissed one of the tenth legions dishonourably because of its disobedience. 5 1 Linckenheld, 'Noviodunum', RE XVII, coli. 1190-91. 2 Kornemann, 'Coloniae', RE IV, col. 5 64. 3 Art. cit. 4 Serv. Aen. I 720. 5 Suet. Aug. 24. 

About the Legio X equestris

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About the Legio X equestris

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