The high humus and organic material content of potting compost is favourable for detritivores such as enchytraeidworms. An investigation was carried out to clarify which enchytraeid species can be found in this medium. A really lowabundance and number of species were found and all of them were well known cosmopolitan species. Consequently, the use ofthese composts probably cannot cause the increase or invasion of new species, in spite of the worm’s special breeding strategies

Boros, G.

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 Opusc. Zool. Budapest, 2010, 41(2): 237–240    1Gergely Boros, Systematic Zoology Research Group of Hungarian Academy of Sciences at Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Hungary. E-mail: henlea@gmail.com  Enchytraeids (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from potting compost purchasable in the Hungarian retail trade   G. BOROS1   Abstract. The high humus and organic material content of potting compost is favourable for detritivores such as enchytraeid worms. An investigation was carried out to clarify which enchytraeid species can be found in this medium. A really low abundance and number of species were found and all of them were well known cosmopolitan species. Consequently, the use of these composts probably cannot cause the increase or invasion of new species, in spite of the worm’s special breeding strategies.   INTRODUCTION  otting compost, available for purchase in flower shops, have a high humus and orga-nic material content. This is favourable not only for plants but detritivores such as spring-tails (Collembola), millipedes (Diplopoda), wood-lice (Isopoda) and many terrestrial worms.  Enchytraeids are important representatives of the mesofauna. They are widely distributed form the tropics to the Polar Regions. Al-though they are adapted for many habitats, like seaside, mosses, decayed wood or rock grass-lands (Dózsa-Farkas, 2002; Boros, 2007) the preference of rich soils is their general trait. Due to compost addition they are common in cultivable lands: farms, gardens, flowerbeds and even they can easily subsist in flowerpots due to their small size. This is the reason why enchytraeids got their common English name i.e. “potworms”.  Hereupon it is not surprising at all, if we find them in potting compost bags as well. Strangely enough, until now there were no in-vestigations to clear up what kinds of en-chytraeid species are living in this medium in spite of the fact that usage of compost can con-tribute to the spread of enchytraeids. Espe-cially if we take into consideration that certain enchytraeid species have special repro-duction methods, which can facilitate their settle-ment in new habitats.  These special reproduction methods are par-thenogenesis (Christensen, 1961), self-fertilization (Dózsa-Farkas, 2002) and 8 species in 3 genera (Buchholzia, Cognettia,  Enchytraeus) can mul-tiply by fragmentation in rotation with sexual re-production. This phenomenon was first recorded by Bell (1959) and since then different fragment-ing strategies were observed. Enchytraeus bige-minus Nielsen & Christensen, 1963 reaches sexual maturity when its population density is low (Christensen, 1973). Oppositely, E. dudichi Dó-zsa-Farkas, 1995, reproduces asexually by frag-mentation, and when the density is high enough the worms become mature and turn to zoogamy (Dózsa-Farkas, 1995). In the case of E. variatus Bouguenec & Giani, 1987 only juveniles are able to fragment, mature specimens breed sexually (Bouguenec & Giani, 1989).  It is easy to see the benefits of these reproduc-tive strategies. If environmental factors do not change massively, populations adapted to any given circumstances have an advantage. However, worms moving to a new habitat can be much more effectual with exponential fragmenting. The do-minance of parthenogenetic populations over those with sexual reproduction was proved on several occasions. (Christensen et al., 1978, 1992).  P  Boros: Enchytraeids from potting compost     238 MATERIAL AND METHODS  Soil samples were taken from 40 or 50 kg sacks of potting compost available for pur-chase in flower shops. Manufacturer compa-nies and brands were selected from all over the country (Fig 1). Compost usually is made by riddling, mi-xing and grinding followed by cleaning to era-dicate metallic pollution, weed seeds and parasites. The processes can change a little in every company but the main steps are the same. Brands are different in the ratio of the ingredients but all of them made from various peats, soil, decomposed plant waste, clay and sand (Table 1). Primary materials are mainly obtained from Hungary but in a few cases peats are imported from Baltic countries (e.g. Leier Ltd., Specialmix Ltd.).  Examined companies and brands are listed below with the name of the localities in italics.  Garri Ltd., Pomáz-Kiskovácsi The company is approximately 10 km north of Budapest, at the foot of the Pilis Mountains. The whole manufacturing process is automa-tized and controlled by computers. The annual volume is 20.000 m3 of soil compound.  Leier Hungary Ltd., Jánosháza Fairly versatile company, which produce numerous products: especially building mate-rials but also potting compost. The industrial unit is approx. 150 km west-southwest from Budapest and 40 km north of Lake Balaton. It is the largest factory in western Hungary, produces 1.5 million bags of potting compost per year.  Biopakk Ltd., Seregélyes The factory is about 55 km southwest of Budapest. Their production is approximately 20.000 m3 of potting compost per year.  Florimo Ltd., Kecel The company is 110 km south-southeast of the capital. The annual production is more than 70.000 m3 potting compost. Specialmix Ltd., Gödöllő The company is in the suburbs of Gödöllő, 25 km northeast from Budapest. Their production is approximately 30.000 m3 of potting compost per year.  Enchytraeid worms were extracted from the soil by the wet funnel method (O’Connor, 1962). Living specimens and whole mounted specimens were examined and measured with a Zeiss Axi-oImager A2 microscope using DIC (Differential Interference Contrast) illumination. Important characters were recorded, drawn and photogra-phed with AxioCam MRc5 digital camera and Axio Vision 4.7 Software. For preparation of whole mounts, specimens were anaesthetised in ascending concentration of ethanol than fixed in 70 % ethanol. Specimens were stained with borax-carmine and embedded in euparal.  RESULTS  The abundance and number of species were both very low, altogether 6 species from 3 genera were found. Worms were aggregated in the samples: for the most part there were no animals, but in some instances a few dozen could have been found in a handful of compost. Juvenile Enchytraeus species were found in relatively high numbers. Lack of reproductive organs made it impossible to identify these worms so all these specimens were indicated as Enchytraeus juve-niles.  Species found  Garri Ltd. Enchytraeus buchholzi Vejdovskỳ, 1879 Enchytraeus juveniles Fridericia bulboides Nielsen & Christensen, 1959  Leier Ltd.  Enchytraeus juveniles  Biopakk Ltd.  Enchytraeus buchholzi Vejdovskỳ, 1879 Enchytraeus lacteus Nielsen & Christensen, 1961 Enchytraeus juveniles  Boros: Enchytraeids from potting compost   239   Figure 1. Seats of the compost manufacturing companies investigated in the study  Florimo Ltd. Enchytraeus bigeminus Nielsen & Christensen, 1963 Enchytraeus juveniles Henlea ventriculosa (d’Udekem, 1854)  Specialmix Ltd.  Enchytraeus bigeminus Nielsen & Christensen, 1963 Enchytraeus lacteus Nielsen & Christensen, 1961 Enchytraeus juveniles Henlea ventriculosa (d’Udekem, 1854) Fridericia composti Schmelz, 2003  DISCUSSION  According to expectations, there was a low abundance and number of species in the sam-ples. Reasons for this could be the relatively pure basic materials and also the storage methods. Most of the compost sacks are kept in the open air, exposed to frost or strong sunshine that can lead to extremely high tem-peratures in the plastic bags. The species found were essentially cosmopolites, small sized (under 1 cm) and undemanding worms, so they can sur-vive even in very harsh environment.  Usage of these composts in the gardens can result in the colonisation of new enchytraeid worms. These worms can settle down and inte-mittently infest due to, for example, their effective asexual multiplying strategies. In spite of this the invasion of incoming species is unlikely since the species found in potting compost were all cosmo-politans and are probably present in most gardens anyway. Furthermore, enchytraeids are detritivore animals so the presence of newcomers is not harmful for plants, but explicitly useful since their activity increases the nutritive material content of soil.  Acknowledgements.  Many thanks to the heads of the companies for data about their products. Thanks are due to Ms Emma Sherlock (Museum of Natural History, London) for polishing the English of this paper. This research was partly supported by the  Hungarian  Scientific  Research Fund  (OTKA K-77999). Boros: Enchytraeids from potting compost   240 Table 1. Ingredients and pH of the different investigated potting composts Name of Company / Seat  Ingredients of potting compost  pH Garri / Pomáz-Kiskovácsi  • peat (from Pötréte, Hungary) • sand • humus • artificial additives 6,5–7,0 Leier / Jánosháza  • peat (from Lithuania) • composted bark and/or plant waste • clay • artificial fertilizer No data Biopakk / Seregélyes  • peat (both from Hungary and Lithuania) • decomposed manure • dried manure • sand • alginite 6,5–7,5 Florimo / Kecel  • Sphagnum-peat • moor-peat • bio humus • clay • river-sand 6,5–7,0 Specialmix / Gödöllő  • white peat (from Baltic region) • alginite • composted bark • mineral mix • artificial fertilizer 6,0–7,0    REFERENCES  BOROS,  G.  (2007): The enchytraeid fauna (Anne-lida: Oligochaeta) of the Sas-hegy Nature Con-servation Area, Hungary. Opuscula Zoologica Budapest, 36: 31–35. BOUGUENEC,  V.  &  GIANI,  N.  (1989): Biological studies upon Enchytraeus variatus Bouguenec & Giani, 1987 in breeding cultures. Hydrobio-logy, 180: 151–165. CHRISTENSEN, B. (1961): Studies on cyto-taxonomy and reproduction in the Enchytraeidae with notes on parthenogenesis and polyploidy in the animal kingdom. Hereditas, 47: 387–450. CHRISTENSEN,  B.  (1973): Density dependence of sexual reproduction in Enchytraeus bigeminus (Enchytraeidae). Oikos, 24: 287–294. CHRISTENSEN,  B.,  JELNES,  J.  &  BERG,  U.  (1978): Long-term isozyme variation in partenogenetic     polyploid forms of Lumbricillus lineatus (Enchy-traeidae, Oligochaeta) in recently established envi-ronments. Hereditas, 88: 65–73. CHRISTENSEN,  B.,  HVILSOM,  M.  &  PEDERSEN,  B.  V. (1992): Genetic variation in coexisting sexual dip-loid and partenogenetic triploid forms of Fridericia galba (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) in heterogeneus environment. Hereditas, 117: 153–162. DÓZSA-FARKAS, K. (1995): An interesting reproduction type in enchytraeids (Oligochaeta). Acta Zoologica Hungarica, 42(1): 3–10. DÓZSA-FARKAS, K. (2002): Mit érdemes tudni a tele-vényférgekről? (What is worth to know about en-chytraeids? – in Hungarian). Állattani Közlemé-nyek, 87: 149–164. O’CONNOR,  F.B.  (1962):  The extraction of Enchy-traeidae from soil. In: Murphy, P. W. (ed.) Progress in Soil Zoology. London, p. 279–285.  

Enchytraeids (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from potting compost purchasable in the Hungarian retail trade

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