Hydraulic effects on the vegetation behavior and on its habitat region against flood flow in the urban streams were analysed in this paper. Vegetation behavior was classified into stable, recovered, damaged and swept away stages. Criteria between recovered and damaged status were determined by the bending angle of the aquatic plants. Aquatic plants whose bending angle is lower than 30~50 degree is recovered, but they were damaged and cannot be recovered when the bending angle is higher than 30~50 degree. Phragmites japonica was inhabited in the hydraulic condition of high Froude number which shows that it was inhabited in the upstream reaches. Phragmites communis was inhabited in the relatively low Froude number compared with Phragmites japonica. This shows that it was inhabited in the downstream reaches. Persicaria blumei was found in the relatively wide range of flow velocity and flow depth, which shows that it was inhabited in the middle and downstream reaches. Criterion on the vegetation behavior of Persicaria thunbergii was not clear, which implies that it may be affected by the flow turbulence rather than flow velocity and flow depth

IL-KI CHOI

JIN-HONG KIM

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Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol. 8, No. 3 (2013) 306 - 315 © School of Engineering, Taylor’s University   306 VEGETATION BEHAVIOR AND ITS HABITAT REGION                 AGAINST FLOOD FLOW IN URBAN STREAMS JIN-HONG KIM1,*, IL-KI CHOI2 1Department of Civil, Environmental and Plant Engineering,                                          Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea 2Institute for Nature and Environment, Eco-Top Corporation, Seoul, Korea *Corresponding Author: jinhkim@cau.ac.kr           Abstract Hydraulic effects on the  vegetation behavior and  on its habitat region against flood flow in the urban streams were analysed in this paper. Vegetation behavior was classified into stable, recovered, damaged and swept away stages. Criteria between recovered and damaged status were determined by the bending angle of the  aquatic  plants.  Aquatic  plants  whose  bending  angle  is  lower  than  30~50 degree is recovered, but they were damaged and cannot be recovered when the bending angle is higher than 30~50 degree. Phragmites japonica was inhabited in the hydraulic condition of high Froude number which shows that it was inhabited in the upstream reaches. Phragmites communis was inhabited in the relatively low Froude  number  compared  with  Phragmites  japonica.  This  shows  that  it  was inhabited  in  the  downstream  reaches.  Persicaria  blumei  was  found  in  the relatively wide range of flow velocity and flow depth, which shows that it was inhabited  in  the  middle  and  downstream  reaches.  Criterion  on  the  vegetation behavior of Persicaria thunbergii was not clear, which implies that it may be affected by the flow turbulence rather than flow velocity and flow depth. Keywords: Vegetation behavior, Habitat, Flood flow, Stable, Recovered,                    Damaged, Swept away.   1.   Introduction Floods  represent  a  major  disturbance  that  influences  vegetation  communities whether submerged, emergent or riparian [1, 2]. Flood itself, however, enables the colonization  of  vegetation  on  sand  bars  with  accumulated  organic  matter  and trapped silt [3]. Vegetation Behavior and its Habitat Region against Flood Flow     307    Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)  Vegetation in the river is affected by the flow structure, but inversely affects the flow structure [4]. It is collapsed and destroyed by the high flow velocity, and cannot be recovered well. Meanwhile, it reduces the flow conveyance, increases the flow resistances and raises the water level. Thus, the vegetation and the flow structure  have  mutually  reciprocal  relationships.  Seasonal  changes  of  the vegetation area in the urban streams follow the repeated cycle of the contraction and the expansion, which is originated by destruction by flood flow and by the restoration of vegetative behavior, respectively [5]. Transport of bed sediments during flood resulted in the deposition of the vegetated area [6].  During the flood seasons, the vegetation may be destroyed by the high tractive force  of  flood  flow,  and  be  buried  and  damaged  by  the  transportation  of  the riverbed sediments [7]. Thus, the vegetation behavior is strongly affected by the hydraulic parameters such as the flow velocity, the turbulence and the flow depth of flood flow.  The role of vegetation is very important for the control of water quality and for the ecological habitat, thus, the environmental design of vegetation in the urban streams are recently performed in Korea [8]. But vegetation planted were frequently collapsed and washed out by the high tractive force of the flood flow since the vegetation impacts by the flood flow are not studied well. Thus, the vegetation behavior and its habitat region against the flood flow are very important especially in the urban streams. Although many researches are focused on the physiological and morphological attributes of the aquatic plants by the stream flow [9-11], hydraulic effects on the vegetation behavior and on its habitat region against the flood flow by the plant species are not studied well. This paper presents the hydraulic effects on the vegetation behavior and on its habitat region against the flood flow by the plant species in the urban streams. Typical  four  aquatic  plants  in  the  urban  streams  such  as  Phragmites  japonica, Phragmites communis, Persicaria thunbergii and Persicaria blumei were chosen. Flow measurements during flood seasons were performed and vegetation impacts by the flood flow were investigated.  2.   Flow Measurements and Vegetation Impacts by Flood Flow  For  the  hydraulic  analyses  of  the  vegetation  behavior,  measurements  of  flow velocity  and  its  depth  during  the  flood  times  must  be  performed.  But  their measurements are very difficult and dangerous. Thus, the flow velocity is usually measured at the bridge using the floats [12, 13]. In this study, the flow velocity and the flow depth were measured using the current meter and the staff at the vegetated area during normal times, but they were measured at the bridge near the vegetated area in case their values are so high as shown in Fig. 1. Flow velocity was measured using the floats, and flow depth was measured by the traces of the water levels during the flood times [8]. Vegetation impacts by the flood flow were investigated in the urban streams. For  this  purpose,  urban  streams  such  as  Suweon-cheon  and  Tan-cheon  were chosen and the vegetation impacts were investigated. Flow parameters such as flow velocity and flow depth were measured. 308       J.-H. Kim and I.-K. Choi                             Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)              (a) Measurement of Flow Velocity   (b) Measurement of Flow Depth Fig. 1. Measurements of Flow Velocity                                                            and Flow Depth at the Vegetated Area.  Vegetation status at Suweon-cheon after flood is shown in Fig. 2. Large flood occurred  at  Suweon-cheon  in  July  6th,  2012  and  almost  of  the  aquatic  plants except  for  Salix  gracilistyla  and  Phragmites  japonica  were  collapsed  and destroyed by the high tractive force of the flood flow. This phenomenon was also shown at Tan-cheon. Large flood occurred in August 13th, 2012 and most of the aquatic plants were also destroyed.  We have had severe rainfall recently and have experienced vegetation damage especially in the urban streams due to the high density of urbanization, but the vegetation impacts by the flood flow are not still studied well. Thus, the vegetation behavior and its habitat region against the flood flow must be presented.          (a) Wash away of Phragmites japonica  (b) Collapse of Phragmites japonica Fig. 2. Vegetation Impacts by Flood Flow.  3.   Vegetation Behavior by Flood Flow Vegetation behavior by flood flow is usually divided into four stages such as stable, recovered, damaged and swept away stage shown in Fig. 3 [7]. In this figure,  ‘stable’  means  the  vegetation  is  not  affected  against  the  flood  flow. ‘Recovered’ means the vegetation is affected by the tractive force of the flood flow, but it can recover its features after flood. ‘Damaged’ means the vegetation is affected seriously by the tractive force of the flood flow and cannot recover its features even if the flood is finished. ‘Swept away’ means some or all the parts of the vegetated area are swept away to downstream part by the high flood flow. Aquatic plants at stable or recovered stage will not be impacted by the flood flow, but aquatic plants at damaged or swept away stage will be impacted by the flood  flow.  Thus,  the  criterion  between  recovered  and  damaged  stage  of  the Vegetation Behavior and its Habitat Region against Flood Flow     309    Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)  vegetation is important. Examples of the four stages of the vegetation behavior are shown in Fig. 4.  Fig. 3. Four Stages of Vegetation Behavior by Flood Flow [7].    (a) Stable  (b) Recovered    (c) Damaged  (d) Swept away Fig. 4. Examples of Four Stages of Vegetation Behavior by Flood Flow.  Typical four aquatic plants in the urban streams such as Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis, Persicaria thunbergii and Persicaria blumei were chosen. They are well inhabited in Korea and have important roles for water control and ecological habitat.  Field study showed that the division criterion between recovered and damaged stage  of  the  vegetation  was  about  30~50  degree  of  the  bending  angle  of  the aquatic plants. Vegetation whose bending angle is lower than 30~50 degree was 310       J.-H. Kim and I.-K. Choi                             Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)  recovered, but the vegetation whose bending angle is higher than 30~50 degree was damaged and could not recover. This criterion may be a little different by the species of the aquatic plants. Bending angle  of  Phragmites japonica  will  be  larger  than  that  of  Phragmites communis, Persicaria thunbergii and Persicaria  blumei. They  must be further verified through more data of the field study.  According to the above criterion, vegetation behaviors of the aquatic plants in the urban streams were analysed as follow.  3.1. Vegetation behavior of Phragmites japonica Vegetation behavior of Phragmites japonica against flow velocity and flow depth is shown in Fig. 5. Here, V (m/s) is flow velocity and H (m) is flow depth. Fr is the Froude number which is represented by, gHVFr=                                                                                                               (1)  (a) Flow Depth and Flow Velocity  (b) Froude Number and Vegetation Growth Fig. 5. Vegetation Behavior of Phragmites japonica. Meanwhile, growth of the aquatic plants has effects on vegetation behavior [14]. If they grow well, they can cope with the flow velocity. Thus, in Fig. 5, growth of the aquatic plants, Hd, was also considered in the vegetation behavior. Vegetation Behavior and its Habitat Region against Flood Flow     311    Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)     V (m/s)  H (m)  Fr  H/Hd Stable stage  V < 1.4  H < 1.3  Fr < 0.6  H/Hd < 0.6 Recovered stage  0.6 < V < 1.6  1.0 < H < 1.8  0.5 < Fr < 0.7  0.6 < H/Hd < 0.8 Damaged stage  1.0 < V < 1.8  1.2  < H < 2.0  0.6 < Fr < 0.9  0.8 <H/Hd < 1.0 Swept away stage  V >1.4  H >1.4  Fr > 0.7  1.0 < H/Hd Phragmites  japonica  was  inhabited  in  the  hydraulic  condition  of  high velocity and low flow depth, thus in the relatively high Froude number. This shows that it was inhabited in the upstream reaches of the stream which was surveyed by Cho [14].  3.2. Vegetation behavior of Phragmites communis Vegetation  behavior  of  Phragmites  communis  against  flow  velocity  and  flow depth is shown in Fig. 6.  (a) Flow Depth and Flow Velocity             (b) Froude Number and Vegetation Growth Fig. 6. Vegetation Behavior of Phragmites communis. 312       J.-H. Kim and I.-K. Choi                             Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)    V (m/s)  H (m)  Fr  H/Hd Stable stage  V < 0.9  H < 1.7  Fr < 0.5  H/Hd < 0.8 Recovered stage  0.6 < V < 0.9  0.9 < H < 1.9  0.35 < Fr < 0.45  0.6 < H/Hd < 0.85 Damaged stage  1.0 < V < 1.1  1.0  < H < 2.0  0.45 < Fr < 0.55  0.62 <H/Hd < 1.1 Swept away stage  V >1.2  H >1.1  Fr > 0.6  0.75 < H/Hd Phragmites  communis  was  inhabited  in  the  hydraulic  condition  of  low velocity and high flow depth, thus in the relatively low Froude number compared with Phragmites japonica. This shows that it was inhabited in the downstream reaches of the stream [14].  3.3. Vegetation behavior of Persicaria blumei Vegetation behavior of Persicaria blumei against the flow velocity and the flow depth is shown in Fig. 7.  (a) Flow Depth and Flow Velocity            (b) Froude Number and Vegetation Growth Fig. 7. Vegetation Behavior of Persicaria blumei. Vegetation Behavior and its Habitat Region against Flood Flow     313    Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)    V (m/s)  H (m)  Fr  H/Hd Stable stage  V < 0.5  H < 0.7  Fr < 0.6  H/Hd < 0.4 Recovered stage  0.3 < V < 0.6  0.4 < H < 0.8  0.3 < Fr < 0.47  0.35 < H/Hd < 0.55 Damaged stage  0.3 < V < 0.8  0.7  < H < 1.0  0.4 < Fr < 0.75  0.45 <H/Hd < 0.55 Swept away stage  V>0.3  H >0.9  Fr > 0.3  0.65 < H/Hd  Persicaria blumei was found in the relatively wide range of flow velocity and flow depth, which shows that it was inhabited in the  middle and  downstream reaches of the streams.  3.4. Vegetation behavior of Persicaria thunbergii Vegetation  behavior  of  Persicaria  thunbergii  against  flow  velocity  and  flow depth is shown in Fig. 8. Criterion on the vegetation behavior of Persicaria thunbergii was not clear, which implies that it may be affected by the flow turbulence rather than the flow velocity and the flow depth. This must be further studied after collecting more data through the field study.  (a) Flow Depth and Flow Velocity            (b) Froude Number and Vegetation Growth Fig. 8. Vegetation Behavior of Persicaria thunbergii. 314       J.-H. Kim and I.-K. Choi                             Journal of Engineering Science and Technology                June  2013, Vol. 8(3)    V (m/s)  H (m)  Fr  H/Hd Stable stage  V < 0.6  H<0.7  Fr < 0.6  H/Hd < 0.4 Recovered stage  0.3 < V < 0.6  0.5 < H < 0.8  0.40< Fr < 0.65  0.35 < H/Hd < 0.45 Damaged stage  0.3 < V < 0.7  0.6  < H < 1.0  0.45 < Fr < 0.75  0.45 <H/Hd < 0.55 Swept away stage  V>0.5  H >0.9  Fr > 0.4  0.6 < H/Hd  4.   Conclusions Vegetation behavior and its habitat region in the urban streams were analysed. For the hydraulic analyses of the vegetation behavior, measurements of flow velocity and its depth during the flood times was performed. Since their measurements are very difficult and dangerous, they were measured using the current meter and the staff in case their values are not so high, but were measured using the floats, and by the traces of the water levels. Vegetation behavior was classified into stable, recovered, damaged and swept away stage. Criteria between recovered and damaged stage were determined by the bending angle of the aquatic plants. Aquatic plants the bending angle of which is  lower  than  30~50  degree  can  recover,  but  they  were  damaged  and  cannot recover when the bending angle is higher than 30~50 degree. Phragmites japonica was inhabited in the hydraulic condition of high Froude number. This shows that it was inhabited in the upstream reaches. Phragmites communis  was  inhabited  in  the  relatively  low  Froude  number  compared  with Phragmites japonica. This shows that it was inhabited in the downstream reaches. Persicaria blumei was found in the relatively wide range of flow velocity and flow depth, which shows that it was inhabited in the  middle and  downstream reaches. Criterion on the vegetation behavior of Persicaria thunbergii was not clear, which implies that it may be affected by the flow turbulence rather than flow velocity and flow depth.  Criterion of the vegetation behavior suggested in this study may be a little different  by  the  species  of  the  aquatic  plants.  Bending  angle  of  Phragmites japonica will be larger than that of Phragmites communis, Persicaria thunbergii and Persicaria blumei. They must be further verified through more data of the field study.  Acknowledgment This  work  was  supported  by  Korea  Ministry  of  Environment  as  "The  Eco-Innovation Project"(No. 416-111-017).  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VEGETATION BEHAVIOR AND ITS HABITAT REGION AGAINST FLOOD FLOW IN URBAN STREAMS

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