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Previous issue date: 2002Cornell University. Weill Medical College. New York Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, NYUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos. Serviço de Imunologia. Salvador, BA, BrasilCornell University. Weill Medical College. New York Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, NY / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz. Salvador, BA, BrasilCornell University. Weill Medical College. New York Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, NY / University of Maryland. Department of Internal Medicine. Baltimore, MDUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos. Serviço de Imunologia. Salvador, BA, BrasilUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos. Serviço de Imunologia. Salvador, BA, BrasilCornell University. Weill Medical College. New York Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, NY / University of Maryland. Department of Internal Medicine. Baltimore, MDCornell University. Weill Medical College. New York Division of International Medicine and Infectious Diseases. New York, NYUniversidade Federal da Bahia. Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos. Serviço de Imunologia. Salvador, BA, BrasilDuring the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of patients with disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), which is characterized by a large number of acneiform and papular skin lesions, with very few or no parasites in the skin tissue. The present report describes 42 cases of DL identified between 1992 and 1998 in an area where Leishmania braziliensis transmission is endemic; 8 of the patients were prospectively diagnosed. In a contrast to localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), acquisition of DL was associated with age >19 years (P<.05), male sex (P<.05), and agricultural occupation (P<.001). Patients with DL presented with 10-300 lesions that were a mixture of acneiform, papular, nodular, and ulcerated types. Twelve (29%) of 42 patients had mucosal involvement. Patients with DL had lower levels of interferon-gamma (P<.05) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (P<.05) production, compared with patients with LCL. DL is an emerging clinical distinct form of leishmaniasis associated with agricultural activities and host immunological respons
