In high-income countries, the overall survival of children with Wilms tumors (WT) is ~90%.
However, overall, 15% of patients experience tumor recurrence. The adverse prognostic factors
currently used for risk stratification (advanced stage, high risk histology, and combined loss of
heterozygosity at 1p and 16q in chemotherapy-naïve WTs) are present in only one third of these cases,
and the significance of these factors is prone to change with advancing knowledge and improved
treatment regimens. Therefore, we present a comprehensive, updated overview of the published
prognostic variables for WT recurrence, ranging from patient-, tumor- and treatment-related characteristics to geographic and socioeconomic factors. Improved first-line treatment regimens based on clinicopathological characteristics and advancing knowledge on copy number variations unveil
the importance of further investigating the significance of biological markers for WT recurrence in
international collaborations
