For the measuring of the electromagnetic interference (e.g. on men) of RF fields produced by mobile communication equipment field probes are required with high spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Available passive probes show good results with respect to bandwidth and low field distortion, but do not provide the required sensitivity and dynamic range. A significant limitation for active miniature probes is the power supply problem, because batteries cannot be used. Therefore the effect of high impedance connection lines is examined by a numerical field simulation. Different approaches for the design of an active probe are discussed, a favourable solution with a logarithmic demodulator is implemented and measuring results are presented

A. Glasmachers

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Advances in Radio Science (2003) 1: 161–164c© Copernicus GmbH 2003 Advances inRadio ScienceActive miniature radio frequency field probeA. GlasmachersFachbereich Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, Universität Wuppertal, Fuhlrottstrasse 10, 42097 Wuppertal, GermanyAbstract. For the measuring of the electromagnetic interfer-ence (e.g. on men) of RF fields produced by mobile commu-nication equipment field probes are required with high spa-tial resolution and high sensitivity. Available passive probesshow good results with respect to bandwidth and low fielddistortion, but do not provide the required sensitivity and dy-namic range. A significant limitation for active miniatureprobes is the power supply problem, because batteries cannotbe used. Therefore the effect of high impedance connectionlines is examined by a numerical field simulation. Differentapproaches for the design of an active probe are discussed, afavourable solution with a logarithmic demodulator is imple-mented and measuring results are presented.1 IntroductionRadio frequency field probes were originally designed formeasurements of antenna systems, since some decades addi-tional applications arise in the field of electromagnetic com-patibility. New requirements were caused by the introduc-tion of mobile communication. Radio frequency field probesdescribed in this paper are used to examine health hazardsamong other measurements. These measurements requirefollowing points:– measuring of the electrical field– frequency range 800 MHz–2,4 GHz– spatial resolution 10 mm– high sensitivity– high dynamic range– compatible with new modulation techniques (e.g.,CDMA)Correspondence to:J. Winter(winter@wemess2.elektro.uni-wuppertal.de)Because of the required spatial resolution the admissiblesize of the dipole antenna is limited to 2 h<10 mm. There-fore for the power supply of the probe a battery which ismuch larger then the antenna cannot be used because it willproduce inadmissible field distortions. For an external powersupply and for the measuring signal transmission two solu-tions are applicable:a) An optical method (which is very difficult to implementfor miniature probes) orb) a connection via high impedance lines which will notsignificantly influence the RF field.Most of the passive probes and the active probe presented inthis paper use the connection via high impedance lines.2 Principles and limits of passive field probesPassive RF filed probes, which fulfill the frequency range andthe spatial resolution requirements, are commercially avail-able (Fig. 1).The design is based on a long insulating carrier materialwith the antenna and a detection unit at the measuring endand a box with battery and post processing electronics at theother end. For the detection of the RF signal either a recti-fication by a Schottky diode or the conversion into heat bya resistor are used (Fig. 2). With respect to sensitivity therectification gives the better result.For a short dipole antenna with the length 2 h placed inparallel to the electrical fieldE the open circuit voltagev0 isgiven byv0 ≈ 2hE (1)and the source impedance byZ0 ≈ −j37λ2h(2)For a frequency of = 1 GHz (λ = 300 mm) and an antennalength of 2 h = 10 mm this impedance ofZ ≈ −j1.1k rep-resents a capacitance ofC0 ≈ 0.14pF.162 A. Glasmachers: Active miniature radio frequency field probeFig. 1. Commercially available passive field probe.R=f(E)V =f(E)DCFig. 2. Principles of passive field probes.For the Schottky diode the relation of diode currentID unddiode voltageVD is given byID = IS{exp(VD/VT ) − 1}with IS : saturation current,VT : temperature voltage (3)which for small voltagesVD can be approximated byID ≈ IS{VD/VT + 1/2(VD/VT )2} (4)The detection effect at low levels is given by the quadraticterm in Eq. (4), therefore an approximately quadratic inter-relationship of field strength and rectifier voltage with lowsensitivity (useful only for field strengthE > 10 V/m) andlow dynamic range (less than one decade) is achieved.Another problem of a passive field probe is the high crosssensitivity against low frequency electrostatic noise signals.The large noise signal given in Fig. 4 was produced when theshoe of the operator slipped over the floor covering.3 Power supply of an active electric field probeThe power supply of an active electric field probe by opticaltransmission is a significant problem for miniature probes.Batteries cannot be used because of their large dimensionswhich will disturb the rf field. A better solution is to supplyFig. 3. Properties of a passive field probes with a Schottky diode,x-axis: field strengthE [V/m], y-axis: dc output voltage [V].Fig. 4. Effect of low frequency electrostatic noise signals.power over high resistance lead wires. A MAFIA simulation(Fig. 5) shows that a positive result is achieved with a leadwire resistance ofRL′ > 1 k/cm. A lead wire length ofapproximately 50 cm is shown in Fig. 6 with a resistance of50 k of the supply and signal lead. The electrical supplycurrent Isupply must not exceed a few mA to make sure thatthe supply voltage stays in a range with no need of specialsafety measures (e.g.<500 V).4 Active circuits for electric field probesThe market volume of electric field probes is very low. Forthis financial reason it is not possible to design a special inte-grated circuit. Integrated circuits for measuring the transmitsignal in mobile radio devices can be used for electric fieldprobes. There are 4 classes of circuits available:a) RF preamplifier in front of a passive rectifierA. Glasmachers: Active miniature radio frequency field probe 163Fig. 5. Field simulation for different lead wire resistances.PostprocessingField free areaLinesHigh ImpedanceField areaVIPowerSupplyR = 50kAntennaSupplyFig. 6. Power supply of the electric field probe.b) rectifier with Schottky diodes with bias current and DCbuffer amplifier (e.g. LTC5505, Linear Technology)c) RMS rectifier (e.g. AD8361, Analog Devices)d) logarithmic demodulator (e.g. AD8314/MAX4000,Analog Devices / Maxim)a) RF preamplifierAn increase of sensitivity can be achieved e.g. byuse of an RF amplifier in front of the Schottky rectifier.RF amplifiers are available in small packages, but thereis a need for extra circuitry and for a very high supplycurrent ofIsupply > 15 mA.b) Rectifier with Schottky diodes with bias current andDC buffer amplifierAt the input of these integrated circuits a Schot-tky diode is used as rectifier. The efficiency is improvedby a DC no-load current (bias current). The additionalcircuitry produces a higher input capacitance whichreduces the signal level (capacitive voltage divider).Therefore for this application there is no advantagein sensitivity compared to the passive circuitry. Theinternal dynamic compression improves the usabledynamic range significantly.c) RMS rectifierRMS rectifiers (e.g. AD8361) do not measure thepeak of the HF field like the other methods but theroot mean square value. RMS rectifiers qualify tomeasure complex signals (e.g. Code Division MultipleAccess used with UMTS). Currently those componentshave a low power consumption (Isupply < 2 mA) but asmall dynamic range of 25 dB and a low sensitivity. Anewer version (AD8362) has a much higher dynamicrange of 60 dB, but a very high supply current ofIsupply > 20 mA which is not acceptable for electricfield probes.d) Logarithmic demodulatorA favorable alternative are logarithmic demodula-tors on a chip. The block diagram of the chip AD8314is shown in Fig. 7. The supply current is approximately4 mA. This circuit provides high sensitivity and highdynamic range.5 Example for an active electric field probeThe circuit of a electric field probe with a dipole of 2 h =10 mm length with a logarithmic demodulator AD8314 isshown in Fig. 8 on a printed circuit board made out of FR4(still without high resistant lead wires). The high resistantlead wires for power supply are placed on one side of thePCB, the high resistant wires for the signals on the oppositeside. Graphite spray is used for the lead wires.The measurement of the active field probe was done in aTEM cell. The measurement results compared to a commer-cial passive probe with the same antenna length are shownin Fig. 9. The advantages are the logarithmic characteristic,higher sensitivity and the enhanced dynamic range.6 Summary and outlookIntegrated circuits for measuring transmit power in mobileradio devices are particularly suitable for use in active elec-tric field probes. Both applications have several identical re-quirements as frequency range, small package and low powerconsumption.Currently available integrated circuits make it possible tobuild electric field probes which provide remarkably bettersensitivity and dynamic range compared to passive probes.In the near future newer components are expected, respec-tively announced, to have more improvements in supply cur-rent and the ability to measure RMS values of complex sig-nals.164 A. Glasmachers: Active miniature radio frequency field probeREV. AInformation furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate andreliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for itsuse, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties thatmay result from its use. No license is granted by implication or otherwiseunder any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices.aAD8314*One Technology Way, P.O. Box 9106, Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A.Tel: 781/329-4700 www.analog.comFax: 781/326-8703 © Analog Devices, Inc., 2002100 MHz–2.7 GHz 45 dBRF Detector/ControllerFEATURESComplete RF Detector/Controller FunctionTypical Range –58 dBV to –13 dBV–45 dBm to 0 dBm re 50 Frequency Response from 100 MHz to 2.7 GHzTemperature-Stable Linear-in-dB ResponseAccurate to 2.7 GHzRapid Response: 70 ns to a 10 dB StepLow Power: 12 mW at 2.7 VPower-Down to 20 AAPPLICATIONSCellular Handsets (TDMA, CDMA, GSM)RSSI and TSSI for Wireless Terminal DevicesTransmitter Power Measurement and ControlPRODUCT DESCRIPTIONThe AD8314 is a complete low cost subsystem for the measure-ment and control of RF signals in the frequency range of 100 MHzto 2.7 GHz, with a typical dynamic range of 45 dB, intended for usein a wide variety of cellular handsets and other wireless devices. Itprovides a wider dynamic range and better accuracy than possibleusing discrete diode detectors. In particular, its temperature stabil-ity is excellent over the full operating range of –30°C to +85°C.Its high sensitivity allows control at low power levels, thusreducing the amount of power that needs to be coupled to thedetector. It is essentially a voltage-responding device, with atypical signal range of 1.25 mV to 224 mV rms or –58 dBV to–13 dBV. This is equivalent to –45 dBm to 0 dBm re 50 Ω.For convenience, the signal is internally ac-coupled, using a 5 pFcapacitor to a load of 3 kΩ in shunt with 2 pF. This high-passcoupling, with a corner at approximately 16 MHz, determines thelowest operating frequency. Thus, the source may be dc-grounded.The AD8314 provides two voltage outputs. The first, calledV_UP, increases from close to ground to about 1.2 V as theinput signal level increases from 1.25 mV to 224 mV. This outputis intended for use in measurement mode. Consult the Appli-cations section of this data sheet for information on use in thismode. A capacitor may be connected between the V_UP andFLTR pins when it is desirable to increase the time interval overwhich averaging of the input waveform occurs.The second output, V_DN, is an inversion of V_UP, but withtwice the slope and offset by a fixed amount. This output startsat about 2.25 V (provided the supply voltage is ≥3.3 V) forthe minimum input and falls to a value close to ground at themaximum input. This output is intended for analog controlloop applications. A setpoint voltage is applied to VSET andV_DN is then used to control a VGA or power amplifier. Hereagain, an external filter capacitor may be added to extend theaveraging time. Consult the Applications section of this datasheet for information on use in this mode.The AD8314 is available in micro_SOIC and chip scale packagesand consumes 4.5 mA from a 2.7 V to 5.5 V supply. When pow-ered down, the typical sleep current is 20 µA.FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM10dBOFFSETCOMPENSATIONV-II-VRFINCOMM(PADDLE)VPOSX2ENBLV DNV UPVSETFLTRAD831410dB10dB 10dBBAND-GAPREFERENCEDETDETDETDETDETFig. 7. Block diagram of the logarithmic demodulator AD8314.Fig. 8. Layout of an active electric field probe.Passive probeActive probeFig. 9. Characteristics of field probes withx-axis: field strengthE[dBV/m], y-axis: dc output voltage [V].The technique of using high resistance lead wires forpower supply has a very small effect on the field to be mea-sured. The technological realization of these wires is still in-sufficient; a better replacement for the graphite spray to formthe high resistant lead wires is needed.

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Active miniature radio frequency field probe

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Active miniature radio frequency field probe

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