Experiments conducted on isolated endosperm under in vitro conditions have opened new possibilities to investigate this specific and unique plant tissue. Results are important as well for basic knowledge as for agriculture practice

Dagmara Kwolek

Halina Ślesak

Izabela Marcińska

Marzena Popielarska-Konieczna

Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno

Popielarska-Konieczna, Marzena

Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno, Małgorzata

Marcińska, Izabela

Kwolek, Dagmara

Ślesak, Halina

Jagiellonian Univeristy Repository

Modern Phytomorphology 6: 19–20, 2014© The Author(s), 2014Endosperm is the ephemeral tissue, however it plays an important role in the life cycle of angiosperms plant. In most angiosperms, endosperm is formed during the process of double fertilization as a product of the fusion of a haploid sperm nucleus with two haploid polar nuclei. It results in a triploid structure formation, which develops into the tissue extreme specialized (Costa et al. 2004) and consumed by embryo during embryogenesis or seed germination. Interesting, there are no reports concerning in vivo endosperm differentiation resulted in plant regeneration. But it was proved that endosperm under in vitro cultures has the potential to proliferate, differentiate and finally even plant regenerate.Both, mature and immature endosperm tissues revealed ability to proliferate in vitro. Factors like proper stage of endosperm development and culture conditions (e.g. plant growth regulators, light conditions) are important for successful plant regeneration. The capacity for tissue proliferation and morphogenetic response differ among species. There could be observed the correlation between nutrition status of plant and a kind of morphogenetic reaction. Usually, direct organogenesis is typical for parasitic and semi-parasitic species. The semi-parasitic Exocarpus cupressiformis Labill. was indeed the first species ever to show the totipotency of endosperm ( Johri & Bhojwani 1965). The endosperm of autotrophic plant indicated indirect organogenesis and callus stage is necessary for next steps of differentiation. Continuously growing non-morphogenic callus cultures, without organ regeneration, have been obtained from the endosperm of such important commercial species like maize (Zea mays L.), cocos (Cocos nucifera L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) or cucumber (Cucumis sativus  L.) (Thomas & Chaturvedi 2008). Plants regenerated this way show very often 3C level of nuclear DNA content. Successful 3C plant regeneration from endosperm-derived callus has been reported actually in 19 species, e.g. in acacia (Acacia nilotica (L.) Delile), walnut (Juglans regia L.), papaya (Carica papaya L.).Kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson var. deliciosa) is one of the important crops in interests of our team. We described efficient protocol for plant regeneration from endosperm-derived callus (Góralski et al. 2005). Kiwifruit is hexaploid (2n=6x=174) and because of that flow cytometry was used to determine the ploidy of callus and regenerated organs. We investigated the differences (e.g. the presence of the plant extracellular matrix, cutin, pectins) between morphogenic and non-morphogenic ISOLATED ENDOSPERM TISSUE AS A MODEL FOR EXPERIMENTAL BOTANYMarzena Popielarska-Konieczna 1*, Małgorzata Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno 2, Izabela Marcińska 3, Dagmara Kwolek 1, Halina Ślesak 1Abstract. Experiments conducted on isolated endosperm under in vitro conditions have opened new possibilities to investigate this specific and unique plant tissue. Results are important as well for basic knowledge as for agriculture practice.Key words: cereals, kiwifruit, regeneration, triploid plants1 Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa str. 8, 30-387 Cracow, Poland;* m.popielarska-konieczna@uj.edu.pl2 Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza str. 59, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland3 Institute of Plant Physiology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek str. 21, 30-239 Cracow, Poland20 Modern Phytomorphology 6 (2014)endosperm-derived callus in kiwifruit (Popielarska et al. 2006; Popielarska-Konieczna et al. 2008, 2011).The other object of our research is cereals. Its isolated immature endosperm develops under in vitro conditions in similar way like in caryopsis in planta. Recently (Popielarska-Konieczna et al. 2013) we conducted detailed histological and ultrastructural studies on isolated endosperm of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (T. durum Desf.) and triticale (Triticosecale Wittm.). Endosperm development of cereals is strongly connected with the starch accumulation and programmed cell death (PCD) (Sabelli & Larkins 2009). In triticale induction of PCD starts in 16 days post anthesis (Li et al. 2010). Our data (not published) revealed that cultured endosperm tissue of triticale, which accumulated starch granules under in vitro conditions showed the viability during 3-4 months of the culture, what was confirmed using Evans blue staining procedure (according to Zhou et al. 2009).Recent reports (Carciofi et al. 2012; Li & Berger 2012) pointed that experimental research concerning endosperm-tissue are still needed and could be convenient platform to manipulation of the development and study the molecular and biochemical mechanisms regulating seed storage accumulation in the endosperm.AcknowledgmentsThe present works in part are financially supported by grant no. 2012/07/B/NZ9/01325 from The National Science Centre (Poland).ReferencesCarciofi M., Blennow A., Nielsen M.M., Holm P.B., Hebelstrup K.H. 2012. Barley callus: a model system for bioengineering of starch in cereals. Plant Methods 8: 36.Costa L.M., Gutièrrez-Marcos J.F., Dickinson H.G. 2004. More than a yolk: the short life and complex times of the plant endosperm. Trends Plant Sci. 9: 507–514.Góralski G., Popielarska M., Ślesak H., Siwińska D., Batycka M. 2005. Organogenesis in endosperm of Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward cultured in vitro. Acta Biol. Cracov. Series Bot. 47: 121–128.Johri B.M., Bhojwani S.S. 1965. Growth response of mature endosperm in cultures. Nature 298: 1345–1347.Li C.-Y., Li W.-H., Li C., Gaudet D.A., Laroche  A., Cao L.-P., Lu Z.-X. 2010. Starch synthesis and programmed cell death during endosperm development in triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack). J. Integrative Plant Biol. 52: 602–615.Li J., Berger F. 2012. Endosperm: food for humankind and fodder for scientific discoveries. New Phytol. 195: 290–305.Popielarska M., Góralski G., Ślesak H. 2006. Histological and SEM studies on organogenesis in endosperm-derived callus of kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa cv. Hayward). Acta Biol. Cracov. Series Bot. 48: 97–104.Popielarska-Konieczna M., Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M., Świerczyńska J., Góralski G., Ślesak H., Bohdanowicz J. 2008. Ultrastructure and histochemical analysis of extracellular matrix surface network in kiwifruit endosperm-derived callus culture. Plant Cell Rep. 27: 1137–1145.Popielarska-Konieczna M., Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M., Bohdanowicz J. 2011. Cutin play a role in differentiation of endosperm-derived callus of kiwifruit. Plant Cell Rep. 30: 2143–2152.Popielarska-Konieczna M., Kozieradzka-Kiszkurno M., Tuleja M., Ślesak H., Kapusta  P., Marcińska I., Bohdanowicz J. 2013. Genotype-dependent efficiency of endosperm development in culture of selected cereals: histological and ultrastructural studies. Protoplasma 250: 361–369.Sabelli P.A., Larkins B.A. 2009. The development of endosperm in grasses. Plant Physiol. 149: 14–26.Thomas T.D., Chaturvedi R. 2008. Endosperm culture: a novel method for triploid plant reproduction. Plant Cell Tiss. Organ Cult. 93:1–14.Zhou Z., Wang L., Li J., Song X., Yang C. 2009. Study on programmed cell death and dynamic changes of starch accumulation in pericarp cells of Triticum aestivum L. Protoplasma 236: 49–58.

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Isolated endosperm tissue as a model for experimental botany

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Isolated endosperm tissue as a model for experimental botany

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