Elaboration and diversification of rhinoceros beetle horns

Abstract

Sexual selection is a potent driver in the evolution of male morphology and has given rise to bright, flashy ornaments that attract females, and big, bulky weapons that aid in male-male combat. Although previous studies have focused extensively on how female choice can drive the evolution and diversification of male ornaments, surprisingly little work has been done on the evolution of male weapons. Thus, we simply cannot convincingly explain why sexually-selected weapons are so diverse

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