The main goal in the field of landscape management includes the protection and improvement of landscapes’ condition and departing from their degradation. This goal is included in the European Landscape Convention. Its aim is to care for continent’s landscapes through the processes such as identification, evaluation, protection, management, and planning. The Convention is to apply to all landscapes, not only to the landscapes of a unique value such as national parks or to the landscapes that are on the List of World Heritage UNESCO.  The article includes the analysis of the Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection from the point of view of the Convention. Due to the fact that Poland has ratified this Convention, certain responsibilities follow. On voivodeship’s level, the Voivodeship’s Program should be recognized as a device to carry out the policy in the field of landscape in accordance with Article 1 of the Convention

JÓZEF HERNIK

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ROMANIAN REVIEW OF REGIONAL STUDIES, Volume III, Number 2, 2007   THE VOIVODESHIP’S PROGRAM OF MALOPOLSKA HERITAGE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROTECTION   JÓZEF HERNIK1   ABSTRACT  -  The  main  goal  in  the  field  of  landscape  management  includes  the  protection  and improvement of landscapes’ condition and departing from their degradation. This goal is included in the European Landscape Convention. Its aim is to care for continent’s landscapes through the processes such as identification, evaluation, protection, management, and planning. The Convention is to apply to all landscapes, not only to the landscapes of a unique value such as national parks or to the landscapes that are on the List of World Heritage UNESCO.   The article includes the analysis of the Voivodeship’s2 Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection from the point of view of the Convention. Due to the fact that Poland has ratified  this  Convention,  certain  responsibilities  follow.  On  voivodeship’s  level,  the  Voivodeship’s Program should be recognized as a device to carry out the policy in the field of landscape in accordance with Article 1 of the Convention.   Key words: the Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection, the European Landscape Convention, cultural landscape, heritage, UNESCO World Heritage List.    1. INTRODUCTION  In recent years, the scientific and public interest in European cultural landscape has been increasing.  Many  of  them  have  been  seriously  damaged  by  the  inappropriate  rules  of  land management. Currently, the main goal within the management of cultural landscape is determined. It includes  the  protection  and  improvement  of  landscapes’  condition.  The  goal  is  included  in  the European Landscape Convention.  The European Landscape Convention was adopted in Florence on October 20th, 2000. First of all,  it  is  crucial  to  understand  basic  terms  used  in  this  document.  According  to  the  Convention, “landscape” means an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/ or human factors (The European Landscape Convention, 2004 – Article 1 Definitions). “Landscape policy” means an expression by the competent public authorities of general principles,  strategies,  and  guidelines  that  permit  the  taking  of  specific  measures  aimed  at  the protection, management and planning of landscapes (The European Landscape Convention, 2004 – Article 1 Definitions). One has to be aware of the aims of the Convention. First of all, it is to promote landscape protection, management and planning. Second, it is to organize European co-operation on landscape issues (The European Landscape Convention, 2004 – Article 3 Aims). It is significant that each part, a member state, shall implement this Convention (The European Landscape Convention, 2004 – Article 4 Division of Responsibilities).                                                    1 Department of Planning, Organization and Protection of Agrarian Areas, University of Agriculture in Cracow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Kraków, Poland. E-mail: rmhernik@cyf-kr.edu.pl 2 a geographical unit of administration dating to medieval times ruled by a Voivod JÓZEF HERNIK   46 In Poland, there are two organs responsible for adopting the European Landscape Convention on Polish grounds. They are the Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Regional Development. To understand the Polish system, one has to be acquainted with the structure of public administration in Poland (Fig.1) and the administrative division of the Republic of Poland (Fig.2).        Figure 1. The structure of public administration in Poland.   THE VOIVODESHIP’S PROGRAM OF MALOPOLSKAHERITAGE AND  CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROTECTION   47   Figure 2. The administrative division of the Republic of Poland.   2.   PRINCIPLES OF THE VOIVODESHIP’S PROGRAM OF MALOPOLSKA HERITAGE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROTECTION  Malopolska  is  the  region  where  history  is  clearly  connected  with  the  European  cultural landscape.  Malopolska  is  distinctive  among  other  regions  due  to  its  big  number  of  cultural achievements. Out of about fifty thousand historic complexes and objects that can be found in the area of Malopolska, more than five thousand the most treasured objects have been put on the voivodeship’s list of vintage buildings. The biggest attractions of Malopolska voivodeship are wooden churches, Orthodox churches and unique art collections (www.malopolskie.pl). Due to the fact that there is a big number of wooden churches, a wooden architecture trail has been established. One can find wooden churches in places like Debno Podhalanskie or Lipnica Murowana (Fig. 3). The cultural heritage of Malopolska is acknowledged, recognized, cultultivated and preserved by inhabitants of the region. At the same time, it constitutes a strong expression of regional identity. The need for the protection of native heritage triggers an initiative on the part of curators and historic buildings’ owners: parishes, institutions, non-governmental organizations, self-governments, as well as individuals.  The fundamental context of drawing up the Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection is the recognition of regional cultural heritage collections as the fundamental  factor  influencing  the  shaping  of  regional  identity.  These  collections  determine  and JÓZEF HERNIK   48 define the multifaceted determinants of voivodeship’s development, popularization of culture, and tourist attraction.  The main goal of Program’s formulation is the aspiration for the significant improvement of the state of regional cultural heritage collections, as well as for the preservation of Malopolska cultural landscape, through the determination of basic conditions and organizational, financial, and educational determinants that serve for this protection. In addition, the Program is to care for the rational use of cultural heritage collections.     Figure 3. Wooden church in Lipnica Murowana.  THE VOIVODESHIP’S PROGRAM OF MALOPOLSKAHERITAGE AND  CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROTECTION   49Malopolska is the region with unique national heritage. In cities such as Krakow (Fig. 4), Tarnow, and Nowy Sacz, together with their closer and further vicinity, there are monuments and collections  that  are  extremely  valuable  from  the  point  of  view  of  Polish  cultural  achievements. However, many of them are still not well recognized, which causes immense problems when it comes to their correct maintenance, protection, exposition, and promotion. The curators of forgotten places face many difficulties when it comes to collecting sufficient funds for a proper restoration, not to mention their promotion.  Not only monuments constitute the heritage of Malopolska, it is also the culture of the region– craft,  folk  customs,  traditions,  folklore,  cuisine,  and  unique  landscape,  different  from  the  rest  of Poland. The need for the protection of native heritage is indisputable and is carried out with a great success by many institutions: central, self-governmental, social, or even private.     Figure 4. Market Square in Krakow.   Combining an active protection and exciting not only with interesting objects, but also with the  history  and  the  culture  of  the  region  and  the  closest  vicinity,  is  one  of  the  principles  of  the Voivodeship’s  Program  in  Malopolska  voivodeship.  The  Program  was  initiated  by  the  self-government of Malopolska voivodeship. The Program serves for creating and enriching such a picture of Malopolska voivodeship as described above.   JÓZEF HERNIK   50   Figure 5. The goals of the Voivodeship’s Program of  Małopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection.  3. STRATEGIC GOALS OF THE VOIVODESHIP’S PROGRAM OF MALOPOLSKA HERITAGE AND CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROTECTION  There are three strategic goals of the Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection (Fig. 5). First of them is to maintain and manage the regional cultural heritage.  Second  is  to  protect  and  shape  the  cultural  landscape.  Third  is  living  heritage,  that  is promotion, education, and documenting the values of cultural heritage (the Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection). The Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection was adopted on the basis of the Resolution of Voivodeship’s Parliament on October 3rd , 2005. The legal base  for  developing  the  Voivodeship’s  Program  of  Malopolska  Heritage  and  Cultural  Landscape Protection is the Act of 1998 (the Act of 1998) concerning the Voivodeship’s Local Government and the Act of 2003 (the Act of 2003) concerning the historical monuments protection. The Voivodeship’s Board,  alike  the  County  Board  and  the  administrative  officer  of  the  commune  (the  mayor,  the president of a city) are obliged to prepare the Voivodeship’s Program for the Protection of Historical Monuments for the period of 4 years (for a county and for a commune, respectively).  The organ responsible for monitoring and assessing the accomplishment of the program is the Voivodeship’s  Board,  which  will  present  the  report  on  the  advancement  level  of  the  program accomplishment to the Voivodeship’s Parliament every 2 years.   4. PROTECTION AND SHAPING CULTURAL LANDSCAPE  The  goal  number  two  of  the  Voivodeship’s  Program  of  Malopolska  Heritage  and  Cultural Landscape Protection covers protection and shaping of cultural landscapes. Its priority is forming the spatial structures. When forming the cohesive space of the Malopolska network of natural links is the way of actions, this goal consists of:  -  Determining the area of NATURA 2000 and ECONET – PL network in Malopolska; -  Increasing the tendencies for developing the settling terrains; -  Maintaining and specifying the existing aesthetic and scenic values;  -  Creating new national and landscape parks, as well as nature reserves;  THE VOIVODESHIP’S PROGRAM OF MALOPOLSKAHERITAGE AND  CULTURAL LANDSCAPE PROTECTION   51-  Development and making the archaeological places accessible;    -  Supporting the traditional agricultural forms. When the way of actions is formulating the rules of protection and forming the cultural zone, the strategic goal number two consists of: -  The creation of the programs of the complex revaluation of old-town complexes;  -  The implementation of the program of wooden architecture historical monuments protection  -  Various renovation tasks; -  The assurance of historical buildings security; -  The implementation of tasks resulting from the system of archaeological cultural heritage protection; -  The enforcement of renovation advice; -  The creation of investment offers and the solicitation of users for historical buildings; -  The architectural recomposition;  -  The protection of the most valuable buildings “in situ”; -  The development of outdoor museums; -  The preservation of the regional balanced architectural landscape.   5. SUMMARY  The main action in the field of heritage and cultural landscape protection on the level of Małopolska  voivodeship  is  the  Voivodeship’s  Program  of  Malopolska  Heritage  and  Cultural Landscape Protection. There are around 50 thousand historical buildings in the historical monuments register managed by the Voivodeship’s Historical Monuments Curator. Market Square in Krakow (Fig. 4), well-known all over Europe, may place Malopolska voivodeship in a favorable light. One has to mention a big number of historical places acknowledged by the President of the Republic of Poland as Historical Monuments in the area of Małopolska voivodeship. Just to name a few of them: Krakow (a  historical  city  complex),  Wieliczka  and  Bochnia  (salt  mines),  Kalwaria  Zebrzydowska  (the mannerist  landscape  complex  of  pilgrimage  park),  Raclawice  (the  area  of  the  battle).  Their significance is best proved by the fact that many of them are on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The characteristic elements of the cultural landscape of Malopolska voivodeship are wooden churches. Therefore, a wooden architecture trail has been established. One can find wooden churches in places like Debno Podhalanskie or Lipnica Murowana (Fig. 3).   Since Poland has ratified the European Landscape Convention, certain responsibilities follow. On voivodeship’s level, the Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection shall be recognized as a device used to carry out the policy in the field of landscape in accordance  with  Article  1  of  the  Convention.  It  also  shall  be  recognized  as  an  expression  by  a competent  public  organ  of  broad  principles, strategies,  and  directives  that  support taking  specific measures aimed at protection, management and planning of landscape.     REFERENCES  Act of 2003 concerning the historical monuments protection.  Act of 1998 concerning the Voivodeship’s Local Government. JÓZEF HERNIK   52 European  Landscape  Convention  adopted  in  Florence  on  October  20,  2000 (http://www.coe.int/t/e/cultural_co%2Doperation/environment/landscape/presentation/9_text/02_Convention_EN.asp#TopOfPage)  Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection. www.maloposkie.pl     

The Voivodeship’s Program of Malopolska Heritage and Cultural Landscape Protection

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