Stimulation of the immune system has been found to enhance, impair, or have no effect on various
learning and memory tasks. The effects of systemic endotoxin treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250 μg/kg in
saline) were examined. Rats given LPS display spatial memory deficits in Y-maze and radial arm-maze tasks. Taken
together, these results indicate that LPS treatment specifically impaired spatial learning performances in rats