We acknowledge the research support by Copan Italia S.p.A Inc., and Clearblue, SPD Swiss
Precision Diagnostics GmbH. This study is part of a PhD Thesis conducted at the Official Doctoral Programme in
Biomedicine of the University of Granada, Spain. We are grateful to Ana Yara Postigo-Fuentes for her assistance
with English language.Current knowledge suggests that the uterus harbours its own microbiota, where the
microbes could influence the uterine functions in health and disease; however, the core uterine
microbial composition and the host-microbial relationships remain to be fully elucidated. Different
studies are indicating, based on next-generation sequencing techniques, that microbial dysbiosis could
be associated with several gynaecological disorders, such as endometriosis, chronic endometritis,
dysfunctional menstrual bleeding, endometrial cancer, and infertility. Treatments using antibiotics
and probiotics and/or prebiotics for endometrial microbial dysbiosis are being applied. Nevertheless
there is no unified protocol for assessing the endometrial dysbiosis and no optimal treatment protocol
for the established dysbiosis. With this review we outline the microbes (mostly bacteria) identified
in the endometrial microbiome studies, the current treatments offered for bacterial dysbiosis in the
clinical setting, and the future possibilities such as pro- and prebiotics and microbial transplants for
modifying uterine microbial composition.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO)
and European Regional Development Fund (FEDER): grants RYC-2016-21199 and ENDORE SAF2017-87526-R;
Programa Operativo FEDER Andalucía (B-CTS-500-UGR18) and by the University of Granada Plan Propio de
Investigación 2016—Excellence actions: Unit of Excellence on Exercise and Health (UCEES)—and Plan Propio
de Investigación 2018—Programa Contratos-Puente, and the Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Conocimiento,
Investigación y Universidades, European Regional Development Funds (ref. SOMM17/6107/UGR). A.S.-L. is
funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PRE2018-0854409)