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Paranode Abnormalities and Oxidative Stress in Optic Nerve Vulnerable to Secondary Degeneration: Modulation by 670 nm Light Treatment
Authors
A Buffo
A Othman
+72 more
AB Stemer
AJ Kowaltowski
Alan R. Harvey
AM Dannenberg Jr
B Fuss
B Kalyanaraman
Bang V. Bui
C Giaume
C Griselda
Carole A. Bartlett
Charis R. Szymanski
CR Schlieve
DJ Myer
Donna L. Savigni
ED Buttermore
H Levkovitch-Verbin
I Kokkinopoulos
I Ziabreva
J Lasiene
J Rosenbluth
J Wells
JC Rojas
JE Rinholm
JT Eells
K Pacak
KA Nave
KM Robinson
KR Byrnes
L Tretter
LK Gilmer
M Berkelaar
M Coleman
M Fitzgerald
M Fitzgerald
M Fitzgerald
M Fitzgerald
M Kitada
M Rutar
ME McLellan
Melinda Fitzgerald
MG Salter
MN Sharikabad
MO Totoiu
MT Wong-Riley
MX Fu
Nadia Cummins
Natalie Morellini
O Farkas
OW Howell
R Balabanov
R Karadottir
RC Reyes
RL Haynes
RW Nickells
Ryan L. O'Hare Doig
SA Back
Sarah A. Dunlop
SC Payne
SK Saggu
SL Shen
Sophie C. Payne
TI Karu
TI Karu
TI Peng
U Funfschilling
VL Arvanian
Wissam Chiha
Y Fu
Y Lee
YC Chan
Z Jia
Z Li
Publication date
1 January 2013
Publisher
'Public Library of Science (PLoS)'
Doi
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on
PubMed
Abstract
Secondary degeneration of nerve tissue adjacent to a traumatic injury results in further loss of neurons, glia and function, via mechanisms that may involve oxidative stress. However, changes in indicators of oxidative stress have not yet been demonstrated in oligodendrocytes vulnerable to secondary degeneration in vivo. We show increases in the oxidative stress indicator carboxymethyl lysine at days 1 and 3 after injury in oligodendrocytes vulnerable to secondary degeneration. Dihydroethidium staining for superoxide is reduced, indicating endogenous control of this particular reactive species after injury. Concurrently, node of Ranvier/paranode complexes are altered, with significant lengthening of the paranodal gap and paranode as well as paranode disorganisation. Therapeutic administration of 670 nm light is thought to improve oxidative metabolism via mechanisms that may include increased activity of cytochrome c oxidase. Here, we show that light at 670 nm, delivered for 30 minutes per day, results in in vivo increases in cytochrome c oxidase activity co-localised with oligodendrocytes. Short term (1 day) 670 nm light treatment is associated with reductions in reactive species at the injury site. In optic nerve vulnerable to secondary degeneration superoxide in oligodendrocytes is reduced relative to handling controls, and is associated with reduced paranode abnormalities. Long term (3 month) administration of 670 nm light preserves retinal ganglion cells vulnerable to secondary degeneration and maintains visual function, as assessed by the optokinetic nystagmus visual reflex. Light at a wavelength of 670 nm may serve as a therapeutic intervention for treatment of secondary degeneration following neurotrauma. © 2013 Szymanski et al
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