This study highlighted the involvement of macrophages, muscle cells and adipocytes in the pathogenesis of RRV disease and investigated the release of various cytokines from these cells during infection, such as TNFα, MIF, NO, HMGB proteins, IL-6, IL-18, IL-33, IL-10 and others. Several known cytokine inhibitors were tested for their anti-inflammatory properties in RRV infected cell lines as possible future treatment options. These inhibitors included erythromycin, clarithromycin, roxithromycin, ethyl pyruvate, pentoxifylline and resveratrol
